Examining the Specialized Math Content Knowledge of Elementary Teachers in the Age of the Common Core

Mathematical standards for students have increased with the development of the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics and its accompanying high stakes testing. Teachers need strong conceptual knowledge of the mathematics they teach in order to give students the opportunity to learn that math deeply. An earlier study (Ma, 1999) found that US elementary teachers lack the deep knowledge to teach math conceptually. Given the mathematics standards movements of the last two decades, it is plausible that the knowledge base of teachers has changed. Using the framework of Specialized Content Knowledge (SCK), which is the knowledge required to teach math that extends beyond the knowledge to do math, this study examines the current level of SCK held by practicing elementary teachers. It also examines themes in the explanations they give for the four topics: subtraction with regrouping; multi-digit multiplication; division with fractions; and area, perimeter, and proof. This study used a multiple-case study design and an interview protocol with current elementary teachers (N=18). Analysis of teacher interviews indicates that elementary teacher SCK can vary with the topic being addressed, with all but two of the participants falling into different SCK levels across the mathematical content areas. This points to the need for assessments that offer topic-level data so we can determine the support individual teachers need. Most of the current teachers studied have strong Specialized Content Knowledge in areas of whole number calculation, such as subtraction with regrouping and multi-digit multiplication. In those topics they are able to create representations and justify the standard algorithms. In the areas of division with fractions and area, perimeter, and proof, however, Specialized Content Knowledge was frequently much lower, and many of the teachers struggled to create representations or explain the mathematics contained in the algorithms. This indicates a need for teacher education and professional development that extends beyond whole number operations and focuses on conceptual understanding of these challenging topics

Sustainability

In the face of climate change, overflowing landfills, water shortages, and exploitation of natural resources, it is becoming increasingly important to act in responsible and sustainable ways. Environmental sustainability is the intersection of social, economic and environmental solutions to address issues threatening the world we live in. Too often in our society, sustainability is not prioritized and becomes an afterthought. In this case study, we challenge students to explore ways to make our world more sustainable, bringing these important issues into the consciousness of the next generation. In this case study, students can choose the topic they wish to study and do original research. Students will then communicate their original conclusions outside the classroom. By creating their own research and having a product leave the classroom, students will be invested in their work and feel like they are contributing to the global conversation about sustainability. Recommended Citation: Carey, Dominique Kiki, Corrine Losch, Rebecca Howard, Erica Light, and Stephanie Purington. Sustainability Scholarworks. scholarworks.umass.edu. Case Study Lesson Plans for Teachers., July 2016. Web. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/icons_casestudy_gallery/1/ .https://scholarworks.umass.edu/icons_casestudy_gallery/1000/thumbnail.jp

Ocean Acidification

It is hard to imagine that, as humans, we could significantly change the vast expanses of the open ocean. However, as we release more and more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, it diffuses into the oceans, making them increasingly more acidic. Ocean acidification is often described as the lesser known twin of climate change. A drop in pH could endanger shelled organisms, change fish behavior and have unpredictable consequences on countless other species as well as our own society. Ocean acidification has the potential to cause devastating changes, so it is critical that we all develop more awareness of it. In this case study, students can choose the topic they wish to study and do original research. Students will then communicate their original conclusions outside the classroom. By creating their own research and having a product leave the classroom, students will be invested in their work and feel like they are contributing to the global conversation about ocean acidification. Recommended citation: Carey, Dominique Kiki, Corrine Losch, Rebecca Howard, Erica Light, and Stephanie Purington. Ocean Acidification Scholarworks. scholarworks.umass.edu. Case Study Lesson Plans for Teachers., July 2016. Web. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/icons_casestudy_gallery/3/.https://scholarworks.umass.edu/icons_casestudy_gallery/1002/thumbnail.jp

Differences in Secure Messaging, Self-management, and Glycemic Control Between Rural and Urban Patients: Secondary Data Analysis

BACKGROUND: Rural patients with diabetes have difficulty accessing care and are at higher risk for poor diabetes management. Sustained use of patient portal features such as secure messaging (SM) can provide accessible support for diabetes self-management. OBJECTIVE: This study explored whether rural patients\u27 self-management and glycemic control was associated with the use of SM. METHODS: This secondary, cross-sectional, mixed methods analysis of 448 veterans with diabetes used stratified random sampling to recruit a diverse sample from the United States (rural vs urban and good vs poor glycemic control). Administrative, clinical, survey, and interview data were used to determine patients\u27 rurality, use of SM, diabetes self-management behaviors, and glycemic control. Moderated mediation analyses assessed these relationships. RESULTS: The sample was 51% (n=229) rural and 49% (n=219) urban. Mean participant age was 66.4 years (SD 7.7 years). More frequent SM use was associated with better diabetes self-management (P=.007), which was associated with better glycemic control (P \u3c .001). Among rural patients, SM use was indirectly associated with better glycemic control through improved diabetes self-management (95% CI 0.004-0.927). These effects were not observed among urban veterans with diabetes (95% CI -1.039 to 0.056). Rural patients were significantly more likely than urban patients to have diabetes-related content in their secure messages (P=.01). CONCLUSIONS: More frequent SM use is associated with engaging in diabetes self-management, which, in turn, is associated with better diabetes control. Among rural patients with diabetes, SM use is indirectly associated with better diabetes control. Frequent patient-team communication through SM about diabetes-related content may help rural patients with diabetes self-management, resulting in better glycemic control

Oil Spills

While the global market is still highly dependent on oil and fossil fuels, society must be aware of the dangers and repercussions of mishandling of this oil. Oil spills are too often forgotten about after the original media rush, and conversations about cleanup methods are neglected. In this case study, we have students to look into the ramifications of an important oil spill, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010. We challenge students to look into possible cleanup solutions for oil spills in order to encourage critical thought around an issue that is common in today’s world. In this case study, students can choose the topic they wish to study and do original research. Students will then communicate their original conclusions outside the classroom. By creating their own research and having a product leave the classroom, students will be invested in their work and feel like they are contributing to the global conversation about oil spills. Recommended Citation: Carey, Dominique Kiki, Corrine Losch, Rebecca Howard, Erica Light, and Stephanie Purington. Oil Spills Scholarworks. scholarworks.umass.edu Case Study Lesson Plans for Teachers., July 2016. Web. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/icons_casestudy_gallery/2/.https://scholarworks.umass.edu/icons_casestudy_gallery/1001/thumbnail.jp

Antibiotic Resistance

Many people think that a world without antibiotics is a thing of the past, but we are on the cusp of becoming a generation without cures to the simplest bacterial infections. The more often we expose bacteria to antibiotics, the higher the chance of resistance to the drug forming. In today’s society, where any health issue is met with a drug and livestock are being pumped full of antibiotics, more infections are growing resistant to the drugs we use to combat them. Students will investigate the current situation, find solutions to the waning effectiveness of antibiotics, and encourage a behavioral change in society. In this case study, students can choose the topic they wish to study and do original research. Students will then communicate their original conclusions outside the classroom. By creating their own research and having a product leave the classroom, students will be invested in their work and feel like they are contributing to the global conversation about antibiotic resistance. Recommended citation: Carey, Dominique Kiki, Corrine Losch, Rebecca Howard, Erica Light, and Stephanie Purington. Antibiotic Resistance Scholarworks. scholarworks.umass.edu. Case Study Lesson Plans for Teachers., July 2016. Web. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/icons_casestudy_gallery/4/.https://scholarworks.umass.edu/icons_casestudy_gallery/1003/thumbnail.jp

Secure Messaging, Diabetes Self-management, and the Importance of Patient Autonomy: a Mixed Methods Study

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is a complex, chronic disease that requires patients\u27 effective self-management between clinical visits; this in turn relies on patient self-efficacy. The support of patient autonomy from healthcare providers is associated with better self-management and greater diabetes self-efficacy. Effective provider-patient secure messaging (SM) through patient portals may improve disease self-management and self-efficacy. SM that supports patients\u27 sense of autonomy may mediate this effect by providing patients ready access to their health information and better communication with their clinical teams. OBJECTIVE: We examined the association between healthcare team-initiated SM and diabetes self-management and self-efficacy, and whether this association was mediated by patients\u27 perceptions of autonomy support from their healthcare teams. DESIGN: We surveyed and analyzed content of messages sent to a sample of patients living with diabetes who use the SM feature on the VA\u27s My HealtheVet patient portal. PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred forty-six veterans with type 2 diabetes who were sustained users of SM. MAIN MEASURES: Proactive (healthcare team-initiated) SM (0 or \u3e /= 1 messages); perceived autonomy support; diabetes self-management; diabetes self-efficacy. KEY RESULTS: Patients who received at least one proactive SM from their clinical team were significantly more likely to engage in better diabetes self-management and report a higher sense of diabetes self-efficacy. This relationship was mediated by the patient\u27s perception of autonomy support. The majority of proactive SM discussed scheduling, referrals, or other administrative content. Patients\u27 responses to team-initiated communication promoted patient engagement in diabetes self-management behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Perceived autonomy support is important for diabetes self-management and self-efficacy. Proactive communication from clinical teams to patients can help to foster a patient\u27s sense of autonomy and encourage better diabetes self-management and self-efficacy

A Phase 2 Randomized Controlled Multisite Study Using Omalizumab-facilitated Rapid Desensitization to Test Continued vs Discontinued Dosing in Multifood Allergic Individuals

Background: As there is limited data on the sustainability of desensitization of multifood-oral immunotherapy (multifood-OIT), we conducted a multisite multifood-OIT study to compare the efficacy of successful desensitization with sustained dosing vs discontinued dosing after multifood-OIT. Methods: We enrolled 70 participants, aged 5–22 years with multiple food allergies confirmed by double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges (DBPCFCs). In the open-label phase of the study, all participants received omalizumab (weeks 1–16) and multi-OIT (2–5 allergens; weeks 8–30) and eligible participants (on maintenance dose of each allergen by weeks 28–29) were randomized 1:1:1 to 1 g, 300 mg, or 0 mg arms (blinded, weeks 30–36) and then tested by food challenge at week 36. Success was defined as passing 2 g food challenge to at least 2 foods in week 36. Findings: Most participants were able to reach a dose of 2 g or higher of each of 2, 3, 4, and 5 food allergens (as applicable to the participant's food allergens in OIT) in week 36 food challenges. Using an intent-to-treat analysis, we did not find evidence that a 300 mg dose was effectively different than a 1 g dose in maintaining desensitization, and both together were more effective than OIT discontinuation (0 mg dose) (85% vs 55%, P = 0.03). Fifty-five percent of the intent-to-treat participants and 69% of per protocol participants randomized to the 0 mg arm showed no objective reactivity after 6 weeks of discontinuation. Cross-desensitization was found between cashew/pistachio and walnut/pecan when only one of the foods was part of OIT. No statistically significant safety differences were found between the three arms. Interpretation: These results suggest that sustained desensitization after omalizumab-facilitated multi-OIT best occurs through continued maintenance OIT dosing of either 300 mg or 1 g of each food allergen as opposed to discontinuation of multi-OIT. Funding: Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Jeff and MacKenzie Bezos, NIAID AADCRC U19AI104209. Trial Registration Number: ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02626611. Keywords: Food allergy, Oral immunotherapy, Omalizumab, Sustained unresponsiveness, Food allerge