Czynniki ryzyka ostrego zespołu wieńcowego u osób z przedwczesną chorobą sercowo-naczyniową

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main cause of death worldwide. In the last 40 years we can observe increase in prevalence of CVDs among young population. [1] Control of risk factors is especially important in young group of patients because the long-term prognosis for this group is particularly unfavorable.[2] MATERIALS AND METHODS: 100 medical records of following patients hospitalized between 2014 - 2017 in Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases in Cracow Specialist Hospital were analyzed with special attention to myocardial infarction risk factors. The study included 58 women under the age of 55 and 42 men under 45 divided into two groups with or without acute coronary syndrome (ACS). RESULTS: 86% of examined population had LDL level higher than 1,8 mmol/l, 65% smoked cigarettes and 86,4% had thickened intima-media complex. HDL level was below the norm in 47,4% of the group with ACS and only in 20,9% of the group without ACS (p < 0,05). Significant differences between groups in combined risk factors were observed in decreased HDL level accompanied by increased LDL (40,4% with ACS, 20,9% without ACS), tobacco abuse (38,6% with ACS, 18,6% without ACS) or arterial hypertension (40,4% with ACS, 18,6% without ACS). CONCLUSION: The most important risk factor of acute myocardial infarction in the studied group with early onset of CVD was reduced HDL level.ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main cause of death worldwide. In the last 40 years we can observe increase in prevalence of CVDs among young population. [1] Control of risk factors is especially important in young group of patients because the long-term prognosis for this group is particularly unfavorable.[2] MATERIALS AND METHODS: 100 medical records of following patients hospitalized between 2014 - 2017 in Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases in Cracow Specialist Hospital were analyzed with special attention to myocardial infarction risk factors. The study included 58 women under the age of 55 and 42 men under 45 divided into two groups with or without acute coronary syndrome (ACS). RESULTS: 86% of examined population had LDL level higher than 1,8 mmol/l, 65% smoked cigarettes and 86,4% had thickened intima-media complex. HDL level was below the norm in 47,4% of the group with ACS and only in 20,9% of the group without ACS (p &lt; 0,05). Significant differences between groups in combined risk factors were observed in decreased HDL level accompanied by increased LDL (40,4% with ACS, 20,9% without ACS), tobacco abuse (38,6% with ACS, 18,6% without ACS) or arterial hypertension (40,4% with ACS, 18,6% without ACS). CONCLUSION: The most important risk factor of acute myocardial infarction in the studied group with early onset of CVD was reduced HDL level

Fundusze inwestycyjne jako forma zabezpieczenia emerytalnego w starzejącym się społeczeństwie

The article aimed to analyze the effectiveness of investment funds and to create a ranking of investment funds with the highest economic efficiency. The scope of selection of the test sample is presented. The effectiveness of investment funds was assessed using various measures of their assessment. Comparing the obtained rates of return and risk, measured with a standard deviation, with the rate of return from the stock exchange, the most profitable funds were selected. As a result, it has been shown that the desire to invest in mutual funds does not have to end with investing in those that seem viable, but independent analysis can be done.Celem artykułu było przeanalizowanie efektywności funduszy inwestycyjnych i stworzenie rankingu funduszy inwestycyjnych o najwyższej efektywności ekonomicznej. Przedstawiono zakres wyboru próbki testowej. Skuteczność funduszy inwestycyjnych oceniono za pomocą różnych miar ich oceny. Porównując uzyskane stopy zwrotu i ryzyko, mierzone odchyleniem standardowym, ze stopą zwrotu z giełdy, wybrano najbardziej rentowne fundusze. W rezultacie wykazano, że chęć inwestowania w fundusze inwestycyjne nie musi kończyć się inwestowaniem w te, które wydają się opłacalne, ale można przeprowadzić niezależną analizę

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field