Can Self-determined Actions be Predictable?

This paper examines Lockie’s theory of libertarian self-determinism in light of the question of prediction: “Can we know (or justifiably believe) how an agent will act, or is likely to act, freely?” I argue that, when Lockie\u27s theory is taken to its full logical extent, free actions cannot be predicted to any degree of accuracy because, even if they have probabilities, these cannot be known. However, I suggest that this implication of his theory is actually advantageous, because it is able to explain and justify an important feature of the practices we use to determine whether someone has acted culpably: our hostility to the use of predictive evidence

The Law of Deception

The purpose of this Essay is both descriptive and normative. On the descriptive level, this Essay details the Israeli jurisprudence and scholarly opinions on the issue of rape by deception in a way accessible to non-Hebrew readers, and briefly compares it with approaches taken elsewhere. On the normative level, the Essay seeks to show that the various attempts to answer the question of which characteristics can constitute deception all fail. In particular, it seeks to show that the Israeli approach is the least attractive, a conclusion that, it is hoped, may serve as a warning to reformers in other jurisdictions who consider going in a similar direction to that taken by Israeli criminal law. It should be noted that the scope of the offense of rape by deception has at least two dimensions. This Essay only discusses the content of the deception: deception as to which characteristics should be criminalized. The other dimension, not addressed in this Essay, is the form of deception: what conduct amounts to deception. In particular, this Essay does not discuss whether omitting information regarding relevant characteristics amounts to criminal deception, what presumptions should be made about the parties’ mental states, what duties to disclose or inquire each party should comply with, or whether these questions should be assessed against subjective or objective standards

Jødisk og palæstinensisk nationalismes parallelle spor

Herbert Pundik gennemgår historien om Palæstina-Israel konflikten som ikke har ændret motiv siden 1905 - Det handler stadig om jord. &nbsp

La prueba predictiva en los procesos penales: ¿Por qué el derecho penal debe tratar a las personas como si tuvieran libre albedrío impredecible?

In previous works, I have sought to explain and justify the hostility of criminal proceedings toward statistical evidence by suggesting that criminal fact-finding implicitly adheres to the view that culpable conduct requires free will that is necessarily unpredictable. In this paper, I argue that Criminal Law should treat people based on the assumption that they have unpredictable free will, even if this assumption is unfounded or even false. I first show how the use of predictive evidence undermines the effectiveness of stigmatisation, based in part on the phenomenon of ‘bypassing’. I then claim that my justification has a considerable advantage over the popular incentive-based justification.  En los procesos penales, a efectos de la determinación de si un individuo ejecutó una acción culpable, la prueba predictiva es usualmente ignorada. Por ejemplo, la elevada tasa de delitos que involucran armas de fuego ilegales en cierto vecindario no es usada en sustento de una condena en contra de una persona que allí reside por un delito que involucra un arma de fuego ilegal. Este artículo procura explicar y justificar la hostilidad del derecho penal hacia la prueba predictiva, sugiriendo que el derecho penal, en lo concerniente a la determinación de los hechos, se adhiere implícitamente a la visión según la cual la conducta culpable presupone un libre arbitrio necesariamente impredecible. Se argumenta luego que el derecho penal debe tratar a las personas sobre la base de la asunción de que ellas poseen libre albedrío impredecible, incluso en caso de que esta asunción carezca de fundamento o resulte falsa. El argumento procede mostrando cómo el uso de pruebas predictivas socava la efectividad del reproche. Se muestra también que esta justificación tiene una ventaja considerable frente a la justificación popular basada en los incentivos.

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Intet resum

Iran dybt splittet

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Brain Control of Functional Reach in Healthy Adults and Stroke Survivors

Purpose: Recovery of the most basic shoulder-flexion/elbow-extension components of functional reach is critical for effective arm function following stroke. In order to understand the mechanisms of motor recovery, it is important to characterize the pattern of brain activation during the reach task. Methods: We evaluated 11 controls and 23 moderately to severely impaired chronic stroke survivors (\u3e6 months), with impaired shoulder flexion and elbow extension. Measures were acquired for Arm Motor Ability Test (AMAT) and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) during the basic shoulder/elbow reach. Results: First, in controls, lateralization of fMRI signal during the reach task was less pronounced in comparison to other tasks, and even further diminished after stroke (p \u3c 0.05). Second, for the stroke group, centroid locations, for specific ipsilesional (contralateral to working limb) motor-sensory regions and for contralesional (ipsilateral to working arm) somatosensory and SMA regions, were significantly more distant from the centroid location of average healthy controls (p \u3c 0.05). Third, both greater activation volume and greater degree of signal intensity were correlated with better motor function in stroke survivors. Conclusions: These findings can be useful in guiding the development of more targeted brain training methods for recovery of impaired reach coordination

In Vitro Susceptibility of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis Isolates in Argentina

Objective: Our goal was to determine the in vitro susceptibility of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis isolates to several antibiotics in Argentina

Influence of Dietary Salt Knowledge, Perceptions, and Beliefs on Consumption Choices After Stroke in Uganda

Background Previous research on Uganda\u27s poststroke population revealed that their level of dietary salt knowledge did not lead to healthier consumption choices. Purpose Identify barriers and motivators for healthy dietary behaviors and evaluate the understanding of widely accepted salt regulation mechanisms among poststroke patients in Uganda. Methods Convergent parallel mixed methods triangulation design comprised a cross-sectional survey (n = 81) and 8 focus group discussions with 7-10 poststroke participants in each group. We assessed participant characteristics and obtained insights into their salt consumption attitudes, perceptions, and knowledge. Qualitative responses were analyzed using an inductive approach with thematic analytic procedures. Relationships between healthy dietary salt compliance, dietary salt knowledge, and participant characteristics were assessed using logistic regression analyses. Results Healthy dietary salt consumption behaviors were associated with basic salt knowledge (P \u3c  .0001), but no association was found between compliance and salt disease-related knowledge (P = .314). Only 20% and 7% obtained health-related salt knowledge from their health facility and educational sources, respectively, whereas 44% obtained this information from media personalities; 92% of participants had no understanding of nutrition labels, and only 25% of the study population consumed potash—an inexpensive salt substitute that is both rich in potassium and low in sodium. Conclusion One barrier to healthy dietary consumption choices among Uganda\u27s stroke survivors is a lack of credible disease-related information. Improving health-care provider stroke-related dietary knowledge in Uganda and encouraging the use of potash as a salt substitute would help reduce hypertension and thereby lower the risk of stroke

Long-Dose Intensive Therapy Is Necessary for Strong, Clinically Significant, Upper Limb Functional Gains and Retained Gains in Severe/Moderate Chronic Stroke

Background. Effective treatment methods are needed for moderate/severely impairment chronic stroke. Objective. The questions were the following: (1) Is there need for long-dose therapy or is there a mid-treatment plateau? (2) Are the observed gains from the prior-studied protocol retained after treatment? Methods. Single-blind, stratified/randomized design, with 3 applied technology treatment groups, combined with motor learning, for long-duration treatment (300 hours of treatment). Measures were Arm Motor Ability Test time and coordination-function (AMAT-T, AMAT-F, respectively), acquired pre-/posttreatment and 3-month follow-up (3moF/U); Fugl-Meyer (FM), acquired similarly with addition of mid-treatment. Findings. There was no group difference in treatment response (P ≥ .16), therefore data were combined for remaining analyses (n = 31; except for FM pre/mid/post, n = 36). Pre-to-Mid-treatment and Mid-to-Posttreatment gains of FM were statistically and clinically significant (P \u3c .0001; 4.7 points and P \u3c .001; 5.1 points, respectively), indicating no plateau at 150 hours and benefit of second half of treatment. From baseline to 3moF/U: (1) FM gains were twice the clinically significant benchmark, (2) AMAT-F gains were greater than clinically significant benchmark, and (3) there was statistically significant improvement in FM (P \u3c .0001); AMAT-F (P \u3c .0001); AMAT-T (P \u3c .0001). These gains indicate retained clinically and statistically significant gains at 3moFU. From posttreatment to 3moF/U, gains on FM were maintained. There were statistically significant gains in AMAT-F (P = .0379) and AMAT-T P = .003