40 research outputs found
Use of Coffee Pulp and Minerals for Natural Soil Ameliorant
In coffee plantation, solid waste of coffee pulp is usually collected as heap nearby processing facilities for several months prior being used as compost. The practice is leading to the formation of odor and liquid which contaminate the environment. Experiments to evaluate the effect of natural soil ameliorant derived from coffee pulp and minerals were conducted at The Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute in Jember, East Java. The experiments were intended to optimize the use of coffee pulp to support farming sustainability and minimize negative impacts of solid waste disposal originated from coffee cherry processing. Prior to applications, coffee pulp was hulled to organic paste. The paste was then mixed with 10% minerals (b/b). Composition of the minerals was 50% zeolite and 50% rock phosphate powder. The ameliorant was characterized for their physical and chemical properties. Agronomic tests were conducted on coffee and cocoa seedling. The experiments were arranged according to Randomized Completely Design with 2 factors, consisted of natural ameliorant and inorganic fertilizer respectively. Natural ameliorant derived from coffee pulp was applied at 6 levels: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 g dry ameliorant/seedling of 3 kg soil, equivalent to 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% (b/b) of ameliorant respectively. Inorganic fertilizer was applied at 2 levels: 0 and 2 g fertilizer/application of N-P-K compound fertilizer of 15-15-15 respectively. The inorganic fertilizer was applied 4 times during nursery of coffee and cocoa. The result of the experiment indicated that coffee pulp may be used as natural soil ameliorant. Composition of ameliorant of 90% coffee pulp and 10% of minerals has good physical and chemical characteristics for soil amelioration. The composition has high water holding capacity; cations exchange capacity, organic carbon and phosphorus contents which are favorable to increase soil capacity to support plant growth. Application of ameliorant derived from coffee pulp increased significantly growth of coffee and cocoa seedling. There was positive interaction effect between the ameliorant and the fertilizers. Both the ameliorant and the fertilizers affected the seedling growth synergistically. Application of the ameliorant increased efficiency of the fertilizer
Hubungan Obesitas Dan Penyakit Kronis Terhadap Pemanfaatan Pelayanan Kesehatan (Analisis Data Riskesdas Dan Susenas 2007)
Obesitas merupakan salah satu faktor resiko terjadinya beberapa penyakit kronis seperti penyakit kardiovaskular, diabetes dan kanker yang dapat menimbulkan beban biaya yang sangat besar dimasyarakat. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar hubungan obesitas terhadap risiko terjadinya penyakit kronis dan pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan di fasilitas kesehatan.Penelitian dilakukan dengan melihat sifat endogenitas dari obesitas dan keadaan penyakit kronis pada responden dalam hubungannya dengan pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan. Responden penelitian adalah individu berusia β₯18 tahun dan tidak hamil. Jumlah responden sebanyak 602.012 orang. Probit model digunakan untuk estimasi faktor resiko obesitas dan penyakit kronis. Untuk estimasi pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan digunakan Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) sebagai model terpilih.Hasil estimasi dengan metode GMM menunjukan bahwa penyakit kronis berhubungan positif dengan frekuensi rawat jalan dan lama hari rawat inap di fasilitas kesehatan dengan koefisien estimasi berturut-turut 1,1062 dan 2,4075 dan P value < 0,01. Hasil estimasi juga menunjukkan bahwa obesitas berhubungan negatif dengan frekuensi rawat jalan dan lama hari rawat inap dengan koefisien estimasi berturut-turut -0,8502 dan -0,5031 dengan P value < 0,01. Obesitas merupakan faktor risiko terjadinya penyakit kronis, namun estimasi pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan oleh orang yang obes menunjukkan hubungan yang negatif. Sementara orang dengan penyakit kronis menunjukkan hubungan yang positif dan signifikan dengan pemanfaatan pelayanan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kesadaran orang obes di Indonesia terhadap risiko terjadinya penyakit kronis masih rendah. Selain adanya penyakit kronis, faktor sosial ekonomi terutama adanya jaminan kesehatan masih dominan dalam hubungannya dengan pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan
Health Expenditure Patterns by Marginal and Vulnerable Groups
Health expenditure patterns by marginal and vulnerable groups. Utilization of health care is influenced by many factors. Most important are geography, socioeconomic, gender inequality, culture, and quality of care. This study aimed at providing policy formulations evidence based in formation for RRO poor, The study is a cross sectional study using National Socioeconomic Survey data set of 1998 representing about 205.000 households. This analysis is conducted to respond the equity issue in Indonesia, with particular emphasize to equity of access (health services use). The study revealed that in urban areas 88.8% of the people pay the outpatient services from their out-of-pocket, while in rural the fi gure is 94.3%. The data shows that in urban areas, among the lowest group, expenditure for health placed about 13% of non-food expenditure. In rural areas the health expenditure accounted to around an average of 12% non-food expenditure. For the highest group of socioeconomic status, expenses on health reached only 10% of non-food expenditure. In rural areas, the highest group has spent for health about 14% of their non-food expenses. Most of the poor (almost 90%) have spent for health below a quarter of non-food expenses. In general, households have spent about 6-15% and 20-71% of their non-food expenses for outpatient and in-patient respectively. Those who spent more than 50% of their non-food expenditure for outpatient is accounted to 3.63% of the households in urban and 4.31% in rural areas. A relatively small percentage of the households in urban and rural areas used a catastrophic spending for outpatient care. Nevertheless, almost 77% of them in urban and rural areas have spent more than 50% of their non-food expenditures per month for inpatient care. This catastrophic spending has affected 72.88% of the households in the urban area and 80.98% in rural areas. Apparently the fi nancial risk is very high for the people in responding the probability of loss due to sickness. Since most Indonesian people are not insured, this phenomenon will become a burden for them
The Effect of Health Insurance on Institutional Delivery in Indonesia
Institutional delivery has an impact on the decline in maternal mortality rate. In Indonesia, institutional delivery increases every year, but there are still 30%-37% mothers who deliver at home. Unfortunately, the increase is not in line with maternal mortality reduction, so that Indonesia does not achieve the fifth MDGs goal. To achieve Universal Health Coverage, Indonesia implements National Health Insurance (NHI). NHI integrates four types of health insurance, namely Askes/ASABRI, Jamsostek, Jamkesmas and Jamkesda. One of its benefits is maternal health services. Health insurance can address financial barriers on delivery in health facility. By using secondary data of National Basic Health Research 2013 and Village Potential 2011 data, this study aimed to analyze effect of health insurance on institutional delivery in Indonesia. Samples were 39,942 women aged 15-49 years old who gave birth to their last child during 2010-2013. The study used econometric approach by applying probit and bivariate probit as estimation model to estimate the effect with consideration to endogeneity issue of health insurance. The results found that health insurance was likely to increase institutional delivery by 39.52%. In conclusion, women who have health insurance prefer to deliver birth at health facility compared to those who do not have health insurance
Pengembangan Komponen Near Net Shape Berbiaya Rendah Dengan Proses Metal Injection Molding
Metal injection molding (MIM) merupakan gabungan dari proses metalurgi serbuk dan plastik injection molding. Proses metal injection molding diaplikasikan untuk pembuatan produk-produk yang memerlukan sifat yang baik (performa tinggi), bentuk yang kompleks dan jumlah produksi yang besar. Karakteristik dari proses MIM adalah near net shape dimana memiliki dimensi yang mendekati dimensi akhir (tidak memerlukan proses pemesinan lanjut), penggunaan material yang effisien (tidak ada yang terbuang dalam proses pemesinan/ pengecoran), dapat diaplikasikan pada jenis material maju (titanium, nikel, tungsten) yang sulit diproses dengan teknologi yang lain seperti pengecoran dan pemesinan. Proses ini diharapkan dapat menggantikan proses investment casting atau pemesinan yang mahal untuk produk berbentuk rumit dengan skala produksi masal. Tulisan ini membahas proses MIM secara umum, pemilihan aspek desain, contoh penerapan dan studi kasus pengembangan komponen aerospace dengan proses MIM. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh kondisi distorsi yang paling kecil dengan menggunakan sistem binder yang memiliki komposisi yaitu Atactic Polypropylene 10%, Ethyl Vinyl Acetate 10%, dan Paraffin Wax 69%
Pengelolaan Kurikulum Dan Pembelajaran 2013 Sekolah Dasar (Studi Situs Di Sd Hj. Isriati Baiturrahman 1 Semarang)
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan (1) penyiapan kurikulum 2013 pada Sekolah Dasar; (2) implementasi pembelajaran tematik terpadu kurikulum 2013 pada Sekolah Dasar; (3) evaluasi kurikulum dan pembelajaran 2013 pada Sekolah Dasar. Jenis penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian studi kasus tunggal. Pelaksanaan penelitian di SD Hj. Isriati Baiturrahman 1 Semarang. Informan yang dipilih adalah kepala sekolah, guru, pengawas sekolah dan komite sekolah. Keabsahan data menggunakan teknik trianggulasi sumber maupun teknik trianggulasi pengumpulan data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hal-hal sebagai berikut. (1) Dalam penyiapan kurikulum dinyatakan sejarah perkembangan kurikulum, dasar pengembangan kurikulum 2013, dan wujud pengembangan kurikulum 2013 menjadi amat penting sejalan dengan kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi. Wujud pengembangan kurikulum mencakup; (a) peran guru sebagai variabel penting bagi keberhasilan pendidikan; (b) kedudukan dan fungsi buku
guru dan buku siswa; (c) perencanaan pembelajaran yang dirancang dalam bentuk silabus dan Rencana Pelaksanaan pembelajaran (RPP); (2) Implementasi pembelajaran kurikulum 2013 operasionalisasi dari perencanaan pembelajaran yang mencakup komponen; (a) tujuan pembelajaran sebagai tujuan perilaku
yang hendak dicapai oleh peserta didik; (b) materi pembelajaran yang mencakup aspek pengetahuan, ketrampilan dan sikap yang harus dipelajari siswa; (c) metode pembelajaran sebagai cara yang digunakan untuk mengimplementasikan kegiatan pembelajaran ; (d) media pembelajaran mempunyai peranan untuk
meningkatkan perhatian dan aktivitas siswa; (e) penilaian pembelajaran yang berfokus pada penilaian autentk yang menekankan pada proses dan hasil, serta mencakup penilaian sikap, ketrampilan dan pengetahuan; (3) Evaluasi kurikulum hasil belajar siswa dan proses pembelajaran, desain implementasi
kurikulum, kemampuan kinerja guru, kemampuan dan kemajuan siswa, sarana, fasilitas dan sumber belajar. Evaluasi kurikulum menggunakan model evaluasi CIPP yang mencakup evaluasi konteks, evaluasi masukan, evaluasi proses, dan evaluasi produk
ΠΠ½ΡΠΈΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ Π»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π»Π° Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ° (Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr) Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans ΠΈ enterococcus faecalis
In this study, the efficacy of using Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr, a katuk leaf chlorophyll photosensitizer, to reduce Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Enterococcus faecalis biofilm was investigated. A red and blue diode laser is used as the light source. The sample was split into four groups: a negative control group, a positive control group, a blue laser treatment group (B), and a red laser treatment group (R), both with and without the addition of katuk leaf chlorophyll 1.6 mg/ml, and with varying densities of laser energy exposure of 2.5 J/cm2, 5 J/cm2, 7.5 J/cm2, and 10 J/cm2. Laser exposure and chlorophyll photosensitizer were tested using ELISA and ANOVA. At an energy density of 10 J/cm2, the optimal bacterial mortality rate was obtained in each treatment group. Namely, in the Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans biofilm, the negative group, the number of deaths was 73.30% using a blue diode laser and 63.25% using a red diode laser. In the positive group, the number of deaths was 86.12% using a blue diode laser and 83.29% using a red diode laser. In the Enterococcus faecalis biofilm, in the negative group, the number of deaths was 67.78% using the blue diode laser and 75.33% using the red diode laser, and in the positive group, the number of deaths was 71.71% using the blue diode laser and 86.41 using a red diode laser. Exposure to blue and red diode lasers activates chlorophyll in katuk leaves, killing bacteria and reducing biofilms.ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ° Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π»Π° Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ° Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans ΠΈ Enterococcus faecalis. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° Π±ΡΠ» ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π»Π°Π·Π΅Ρ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ: Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ° ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ, Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ, Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ (B) ΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ (R), ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π»Π° Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ° Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ 1,6 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΌΠ», Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ: 2,5 ΠΠΆ/ΡΠΌ2, 5 ΠΠΆ/ΡΠΌ2, 7,5 ΠΠΆ/ΡΠΌ2 ΠΈ 10 ΠΠΆ/ΡΠΌ2. ΠΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ELISA ΠΈ ANOVA. ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ (ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ/ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π»Π°Π·Π΅Ρ, Π±Π΅Π·/Ρ Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΎΠΌ) ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ 10 ΠΠΆ/ΡΠΌ2. Π Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ
(ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅) ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° 73,30% ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ 63,25% ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ°, Π° Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° 86,12% ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ 83,29% ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ°. Π Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ Enterococcus faecalis Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° 67,78% ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ 75,33% ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ°, Π° Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° 71,71% ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ 86,41% Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ°. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π» Π² Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°, ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Ρ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ