Local Government Law -- 1961 Tennessee Survey

Change of Boundaries.--Incorporated cities and towns continued to use the authority in the annexation statute to annex by ordinance,\u27and the courts were presented with several questions of interpretation of the statute not heretofore answered. Discretion To Annex by Ordinance--The question in Central Soya Co. v. City of Chattanooga was whether or not a municipality when petitioned by interested persons must propose extension of its corporate limits by the referendum method. Burden of Proof in Annexation--Since the action of the municipality is by ordinance, the suit to contest the validity of an annexation ordinance is in the nature of a quo warranto proceeding. In State ex rel. Senff v. City of Columbia the relators, citing cases involving title to office, contended that the burden of proof was on the city to show that the ordinance was reasonable

Technical Bulletins: U.S. Supreme Court Voids FLSA Amendments Affecting Local and State Governments

On June 24, 1976, the Supreme Court of the United States decided the case of National League of Cities, et al. v. Usery, Secretary of Labor. The League and a number of cities and states had challenged the validity of the 1974 amendments to the Fair Labor Standards Act extending the Act\u27s minimum wage and maximum hours provisions to almost all employees of states and their political subdivisions

Reflections on Donor-Funded Reports and Education Programs in Pakistan: A Qualitative Analysis on Pakistan’s English Education

The extensive rise in aid from aid organizations and donor agencies for education in Pakistan at the beginning of the 21st century has resulted in a rise of the number of studies and reports on Pakistan’s education system and newly developed education programs. This was partially due to the concern about the status of the religious schools known as madaris and the quality of education they provided. The majority of the existing reports on education offer quantitative analyses and pay little attention to English taught in schools although English is critically important for job opportunities and professional growth in Pakistan. The English education programs designed for Pakistan, which involve teacher training programs and English language programs, often lack practical considerations and, in some cases, have unclear motives. In order to attain educational effectiveness, it is necessary to first look in depth at various contextual factors in the country. This includes, among other things, looking at the history and culture of a country—information which can be acquired through more qualitative methods. This IPP undertakes a qualitative assessment of the state of English language education by eliciting the perspectives of Pakistani English teachers, students and bilingual professionals in Pakistan. Nine teachers and eight students and bilingual professionals were interviewed using a standardized, open-ended interview. The interview explored the methodologies for English language teaching, the cultural and socio-economic context in which the language was taught and the effectiveness of English education in Pakistan within that context. Recurring themes are identified using an inductive analysis of the interviews. Evidence is offered that if emic perspectives are taken into account, English education would be more conducive for optimal learning. Specific socio-economic and cultural factors are identified that were not considered in donor-funded reports and program assessments discussed in the literature review of this IPP. It was observed that while teachers are knowledgeable about effective teaching methods, they are constrained in practice by the competitive nature of education and the job market in Pakistan that compelled them to focus on institutional and standardized testing. Also evident are differences in perspective on which language should be used in the classroom. While many teachers are intent on using only English in the classroom, many students feel that using Urdu and other Pakistani languages would assist them in understanding certain concepts. This work fills an important gap in the assessment and design of donor-funded language education programs in developing country contexts, especially Pakistan and countries with similar socio-political history. This IPP identifies a number of qualitative assessment factors that need to considered before such programs can be effective towards meeting their goals

An assessment of the home economics educational needs of potential black clientele in Hamilton County, Tennessee

The major purpose of this study was to assess the home economics educational needs of Hamilton County black family members as perceived by potential program participants and key community leaders. Data were obtained from two separate surveys administered to 84 potential clientele and 47 key leaders in Hamilton County, Tennessee. The major findings of this study indicated: 1. Television was perceived by both the potential clientele and the key leaders as the most effective method of keeping informed on community activities. Key leaders also ranked television as the second most effective teaching method for reaching black families. 2. The key leaders tended to perceive all 39 home economics problem areas as larger problems than did the potential clientele. 3. Both the potential clientele and key leaders ranked weight control and fitness, stress (related to health), setting financial goals, use of time, and stress management within the top seven most important problems from 39 possible problem areas. 4. Potential clientele with children living at home tended to perceive 14 problem areas as larger problems than did potential clientele without children living at home. 5. Potential clientele age 39 and under tended to perceive 10 problem areas as more important than did the potential clientele age 40 and over. Implications were drawn and recommendations for further study were made

Measuring price and income elasticities of residential electricity demand: findings from aggregated and disaggregated data

Published estimates of the price elasticity of residential electricity demand range from -0.29 to -0.70, for analyses based on household level data; however, the area level estimates from range from -0.02 to -0.15. A similar pattern has been reported for estimates of the income elasticity of residential demand for electricity. Each published study relied on one type of data set (aggregated or disaggregated) and these datasets cover different time periods and locations. This raises the question: does the pattern generated by the published results reflect systematic differences generated by the use of aggregated vs. disaggregated data, or does the pattern reflect random variations in the study settings? In this research the hypothesis has been tested that the pattern generated by the published results reflects the use of aggregated vs. disaggregated data, by constructing both an individual-level dataset and a county-level dataset for one state (State of Nevada) covering the period from 2005 to 2011. Both datasets have been used to estimate household and utility level price and income elasticities of residential demand for electricity. This research shows the same pattern reported in the published studies: the magnitude of the estimated price elasticity generated by the disaggregated data exceeds the magnitude of the estimate generated by the disaggregated data. However, the magnitudes of the two income elasticities do not follow the same pattern

Periodization and “The Medieval Globe”: A Conversation

The period categories “medieval” and “modern” emerged with—and have long served to define and legitimate—the projects of western European imperialism and colonialism. The idea of “the medieval globe” is therefore double edged. On the one hand, it runs the risk of reconfirming the terms of the colonial, Orientalist history through which the “medieval” emerged, thus homogenizing the plural temporalities of global cultures and effacing the material effects of the becoming of the Middle Ages and its relationship to conditions of globalization. On the other hand, “the medieval globe” brings to bear a comparative focus that does not ask when and why a given culture did or did not start making the shift toward modernity, but rather asks what was going on at a given period throughout the globe. Such a history might undo the foundational narratives of European nations as well as give space to hitherto slighted histories. This conversation approaches the complexities of this problem from two perspectives: that of a scholar in European studies and a scholar in Chinese studies

Humans, Spirits, and Sages in Chinese Late Antiquity : Ge Hong's Master Who Embraces Simplicity (Baopuzi).

Abstract This paper attempts to answer the questions : What was Ge Hong trying to do when he wrote the Baopuzi ? What were his arguments ? And why, within the context of the time, were these arguments significant ? In answering these questions, the essay claims that there is a unified set of ideas concerning humans, sages, and the spirit world in the Baopuzi. Moreover, it is a set of ideas that underlies both the inner and outer portions of the text. Since the time of Han and Wei, a proliferation of sayings has flourished in abundance. Although their meanings could plumb the deepest mysteries and their points could drive the roaring waves, and if one could set them forth, one could cause auspicious omens to appear in the heavens above and favorable signs to emerge from the earth..., there are no sages in our time to organize their ranked splendor.1 The statement makes reference to two of the issues one finds appearing repeatedly in texts from the first to the fourth centuries CE. First, how to deal with the plethora of writings that had been progressively accumulating since antiquity. And, second, how to deal with the issue of sagehood -r which texts are by sages, how sages should organize the plethora of texts, and how to define a sage. But certain points in Ge Hong's statement are distinctive. To begin with, Ge Hong explicitly states that the texts produced since the time of the Han and Wei are enlightening -a critique of the view that earlier texts were better and more sagely than recent ones. Moreover, and relatedly, Ge Hong is explicitly stating that what is needed is not to return to the teachings of earlier sages but rather to turn to a current sage who can bring order to the huge volume of recent writings. Ge Hong's Baopuzi was written in the early fourth century. The text is well known as an invaluable source for studying the religious practices of Chinese late antiquity. Indeed, of all the texts written from the late Han to the beginning of the Tang, the Baopuzi is probably, at least for scholars studying religion, the single most often-read work. The reason for this is very simple: the text contains extensive discussions of the religious practices of the day, particularly those aimed at the attainment of immortality