Earnings Mobility in Times of Growth and Decline: Argentina from 1996 to 2003

In recent years, the economy of Argentina has experienced both rapid economic growth and severe economic decline. In this paper, we use a series of one-year long panels to study who gained the most in pesos when the economy grew and who lost the most in pesos when the economy contracted. Various considerations led us to expect that mobility would be divergent—that is, that the individuals who started with the highest initial earnings would enjoy the largest earnings gains in pesos. Contrary to expectations and for a wide range of specifications, mobility is found to be mostly convergent, sometimes neutral, and never divergent. We then demonstrate how generally rising inequality and convergent mobility can be reconciled. Thus, the panel data analysis performed in this paper presents a picture of economic growth that is much more pro-poor than what one gets from cross-sectional inequality comparisons

How Is Convergent Mobility Consistent with Rising Inequality? A Reconciliation in the Case of Argentina

[Excerpt] This is a paper on earnings mobility in Argentina during the macroeconomic growth and contractions that have characterized that nation’s economy from 1996 to the present. Since 1996, real GDP growth has fluctuated widely. For most of the 1990s, Argentina was seen as a model of successful policymaking. Having pegged its exchange rate to the dollar under a currency board type arrangement in 1991, Argentina had succeeded in ending hyperinflation, reducing inflation rates to single-digit levels. Greater economic stability attracted foreign investment inflows, contributing to an acceleration in economic growth; indeed, even as lenders withdrew their financing in East Asia in 1997, capital inflows continued to Argentina. Then, Argentina entered into a prolonged recession. The combination of the hard peg of the local currency to the U.S. dollar and excessive borrowing led to an unsustainable fiscal situation and, ultimately, to the collapse of the economy at the end of 2001 (See Figure 1). Gross Domestic Product fell by 13.5 percent from the second quarter of 2001 to the second quarter of 2002, and the share of the population in poverty reached 58 percent in October 2002, versus 38 percent in October 2001, according to the official moderate poverty line. This paper addresses the distributional consequences of these macroeconomic events. (Note: Here and throughout the paper, “distribution of income” means the entire density or cumulative distribution function; it does not mean “inequality.”) Who benefited the most from Argentine economic growth? Who lost the most in economic decline? Are those who started rich getting richer in growth periods and losing more in recessionary periods, or is it the other way around? Are the answers to these questions the same for all measures of initial advantage

Earnings Mobility in Times of Growth and Decline: Argentina from 1996 to 2003

In recent years, the economy of Argentina has experienced both rapid economic growth and severe economic decline. In this paper, we use a series of one-year long panels to study who gained the most in pesos when the economy grew and who lost the most in pesos when the economy contracted. To answer these questions, we test two hypotheses both unconditionally and conditionally. The ?divergence of earnings? hypothesis holds that in any given year, the highest earning individuals are those who experienced the largest earnings gains or the smallest earnings losses in pesos. The ?symmetry of gains and losses? hypothesis holds that those groups that gained the most in pesos when the economy grew are those that lost the most in pesos when the economy contracted. Both hypotheses are decisively rejected in the data. Rather, we find that it is the lowest income individuals and groups who gain the most in pesos, whether in good times or in bad. Thus, the panel data analysis performed in this paper presents a picture of economic growth that is much more pro-poor than one gets from cross sectional inequality comparisons.finance, growth, inequality, Argentina, survey, gains, losses

Living with intimate partner violence: Effects on children

Trabajo fin de grado en EnfermeríaIntroducción: La violencia de pareja es un problema prevalente en todas las sociedades, y en ocasiones las víctimas no son únicamente los componentes de la pareja. En este estudio, se centrará la atención en los menores que conviven en un contexto de violencia de pareja, y las consecuencias que supone para estos mismos. Objetivo: Averiguar las repercusiones de la exposición a la violencia de pareja a nivel de salud física, salud mental, emocional y comportamental. Valorar el papel y el desarrollo del vínculo con el cuidador en este problema. Y valorar algunas diferencias por edad, género y etnicidad Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática a través de una búsqueda en bases de datos PubMed, Cinhal, CUIDEN y Cochrane con lenguaje controlado. Resultados: La exposición a la violencia de pareja (VP) supone un factor negativo en el desarrollo cognitivo, en salud mental, salud física, desarrollo emocional y comportamental. Las repercusiones están mediadas por factores individuales como la edad de la exposición, la resiliencia y factores protectores ambientales como es el vínculo de los cuidadores. Y en algunos casos existen diferencias en las experiencias por género y etnia. Conclusión: Los menores expuestos a violencia de pareja sufren consecuencias negativas en su desarrollo. Estas consecuencias pueden ser apreciables por los enfermeros pediátricos, quienes se encuentran en contacto con la familia y el paciente. Identificarlo es el primer paso de la actuación para poder evitar las consecuencias, o por lo menos, aminorarlas.Introduction: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a prevalent problem in society today. Victims of IPV are not only the components of the couple involved in the relationship,minors exposed to IPV are also victims. This narrative review will focus on the minors exposed to IPV and the consequences of this exposure. Objectives: To find out the repercussions of exposure to IPV in mental and physical health and in cognitive, emotional and behavioral development. To understand the development of parental attachment in the midst of this problem and how it mediates these consequences. And finally to ascertain if the differences in age, gender and ethnicities affect the overall outcome. Methodology: A narrative review was carried out by searching on PubMed, Cinhal, CUIDEN and Cochrane data bases with controlled language. Results: Exposure to IPV is a negative factor in cognitive, emotional and behavioral development and, in mental and physical health. These consequences are mediated by individual factors, such as age of exposure, resilience and other protective characteristics, like secure attachment. Some of these consequences are also influenced by gender and ethnicity. Conclusion: Minors exposed to IPV suffer negative outcomes in their overall development. These consequences can be observed by pediatric nurses, who are in contact with the child, family and immediate surroundings. Identifying these signals is the first step of the intervention process in order to prevent further negative consequences in their development

The Mauritanian labor market through the lens of the 2004 national household survey

This paper provides a snapshot of Mauritania’s labor market using data from the 2004 national household survey. The results show that the labor market is characterized by lower participation rates, lower employment-to-population rates, and relatively higher unemployment rates than in neighboring countries. The non poor fare better in the labor market than the poor. Although the labor force participation of the poor is higher than that of the non poor, the poor display a higher unemployment rate and a lower employment rate than the non poor. The data also suggest a negative correlation between wage employment and poverty. Substantial differences in labor market indicators emerge when disaggregating the analysis by gender and age-group. Female non-participation is extremely high. Women systematically earn less than men independently of their sector and type of employment and controlling for other factors, such as education. Young adults face considerable difficulties in entering the labor market: more than half of the population aged 15-24 is neither studying nor participating in the labor force. As gender disparities remain important for similar levels of education, more work is needed to understand whether cultural factors may prevent women from entering the labor market. Concerning young adults, future poverty reduction strategies need to pay more explicit attention to the promotion of employment through informed labor market policies.Labor Markets,Population Policies,Rural Poverty Reduction,Labor Policies,

Pedagogical implications of the constructivist and behaviourist theories in the school environment. The school motivation and the teaching practice

Mucho se ha escrito sobre el proceso de motivación en el ámbito escolar y el desarrollo de la práctica docente. En este ámbito dos de las principales corrientes teóricas son el behaviorismo y el constructivismo. A continuación, se compararán y contrastarán ambas teorías, centrándonos en sus implicaciones pedagógicas en el ámbito escolar. Para ello, primero se describirán cada una de ellas, luego se explorarán las principales diferencias y similitudes entre ellas y su implicación en la educación y finalmente se hará una conclusión de los principales hallazgos.Much has been written about the process of motivation in the school environment and the development of teaching practice. In this area, two of the main theoretical perspectives are behaviourism and constructivism. Next, the two theories will be compared and contrasted, focusing on their pedagogical implications in the school setting. For this, first each of them will be described, then the main differences and similarities between them and their involvement in education will be explored and finally a conclusion of the main findings will be made

James Bulger, a case of juvenile criminality key for the change of the legislative system of the United Kingdom. A case study

Throughout history, the vision on youth and the youth model has evolved. One of the elements that has influenced this change, is the one that supposes the media influence that exists in society. The isolated cases of juvenile delinquency have monopolized the discourse of the media, which have fostered the appearance of moral panic in those contexts in which these infractions have appeared.The study of the James Bulger case, which occurs in the U.k, and involved a profound change in the country's legislation, is a key environment for approaching juvenile crime and the different dynamics that take place around it.A lo largo de la historia, la visión sobre la juventud ha evolucionado. Uno de los elementos que ha influido en este cambio, es la influencia mediática que existe en la sociedad. Los casos aislados de delincuencia juvenil han monopolizado el discurso de los medios, lo que ha fomentado la aparición del pánico moral en aquellos contextos en los que han aparecido estas infracciones. El estudio del caso James Bulger, ocurrido en Reino Unido, provocó un cambio en la legislación del país. Convirtiéndose en el entorno clave para abordar la delincuencia juvenil y las diferentes dinámicas que tienen lugar

The European Educational Policy and Early School Leaving: A Conceptual Analysis from the Perspective of the Leaving Subject

This research is associated with the project funded by EDU2014-52702-R Project (Ministry of economy and competitivity of Spain) and the Author Doctoral Thesis. But funding has being fully assumed by the authors. The APC was funded by National University of Distance Education IOAP program, and partially paid by author.This article presents a conceptual analysis of the European educational policy concerning the phenomenon of early school leaving (ESL). It addresses the literature on ESL, emphasizing the importance of studying policies from the perspective of the constructions made of the leaving subject. The concept of lifelong learning is examined, along with its relevance in shaping the subject who leaves within European policies. Additionally, the presence of “double gestures” in educational policies is explored, where, while promoting inclusion, they simultaneously produce exclusion of certain individuals. The influence of the neoliberal approach on the conception of ESL is discussed, and the need to consider alternative approaches to avoid homogenizing the group of young individuals who leave school prematurely is proposed.Ministry of economy and competitivity of Spain EDU2014-52702-RNational University of Distance Education IOA

How Demanding Should Equality of Opportunity Be, and How Much Have We Achieved?

[Excerpt] This chapter proposes tests of various notions of equality of opportunity and applies them to intergenerational income data for the United States and Britain. Agreement is widespread that equality of opportunity holds in a society if the chances that individuals have to succeed depend only on their own efforts and not on extraneous circumstances that may inhibit or expand those chances. What is contentious, however, is what constitutes effort and circumstances. Most people, we think, would say that the social connections of an individual\u27s parents would be included among circumstances: equality of opportunity is incomplete if some individuals get ahead because they have well-connected parents. This and other channels through which circumstances affect income opportunities in an intergenerational context are discussed in Section 2. Section 3 then formulates four, increasingly stringent criteria for equality of opportunity. In Section 4, we turn to an empirical implementation of these criteria to test for equality of opportunity in the United States and Britain. The results, presented in Section 5, provide only the weakest of support for equality of opportunity in the United States and no support at all in Britain. Concluding remarks are presented in Section 6

Labor market policy research for developing countries : recent examples from the literature - what do we know and what should we know?

This paper documents recent advances of research on labor market institutions, behavior, and policies in developing countries and makes suggestions for future research. The four areas of research analyzed are: i) theoretical and empirical implications of employment protection legislation on labor outcomes; ii) the issue of shifting from job to worker protection, namely, the different alternatives to severance pay: unemployment insurance and unemployment insurance savings accounts and their application to developing countries; iii) the effect of active labor market programs, particularly of training, on labor market outcomes; and iv) the causes and consequences of informality in the labor market, with special emphasis on the efforts to model the informal sector. The focus of the four sections is on theoretical and empirical work on published in the last five to seven years, and each one concludes with new directions for future research.Labor Markets,Labor Policies,Labor Standards,Population Policies,Political Economy