Semantic Field of Biological Constituent of Deviation in English

The deviation category is primarily formed by words with the root devia- in English. The semantics of these words may be seen more detailed by considering their contextual interconnections with lexical units that are the representatives of the concepts within deviation. These concepts define levels of semantic category under analysis. The author considers the term “subcategory” for more abstract components of deviation category; they are higher in the hierarchy “category – concept”. The focus of this paper is to show the linguistic peculiarities of semantic field of biological constituent of deviation category in English

The Identification of "Author" and "Addressee" in the Discourse of the Representative of Volga Germans of Siberia

The present article deals with the field of German studies and is devoted to the actualization of the category "author" and "addressee" in the context of the study of the most important component of anthropocentric paradigm of linguistics – language personality. The actuality of the article is the need to study the language of individuals – representatives of Volga Germans who retain ability to produce texts in the native form of the language

Explication of Peculiarities of the Hypergenre in the Text Production of Russian German of Siberia

The paper deals with the anthropocentric approach in the context of study of various hypergenre aspects. The aim is to investigate communicative behavior of the linguistic personality and describe its different structural components. Such formulation of the problem provides unstudied conversational analysis of a wide range of recorded language data – talks of the Russian German. One of the main methods is the inclusion of the speaker into the communicative space as a kind of observation. This method is based on psychological long-term sociability between the authors of this paper and the subject. Special emphasis is placed on attention to the variety of micro topics that transmit main content of the hypergenre and show a complex of its lexical and grammatical peculiarities. Received results of this detailed research of various hypergenre aspects contribute to the development of genre analysis. Materials of this article are considered to be useful in German dialectology, the aim of which is to fix and save people’s spoken form of the language of the Russian German in Siberia. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n1s1p40

Cancer therapy shapes the fitness landscape of clonal hematopoiesis.

Acquired mutations are pervasive across normal tissues. However, understanding of the processes that drive transformation of certain clones to cancer is limited. Here we study this phenomenon in the context of clonal hematopoiesis (CH) and the development of therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (tMNs). We find that mutations are selected differentially based on exposures. Mutations in ASXL1 are enriched in current or former smokers, whereas cancer therapy with radiation, platinum and topoisomerase II inhibitors preferentially selects for mutations in DNA damage response genes (TP53, PPM1D, CHEK2). Sequential sampling provides definitive evidence that DNA damage response clones outcompete other clones when exposed to certain therapies. Among cases in which CH was previously detected, the CH mutation was present at tMN diagnosis. We identify the molecular characteristics of CH that increase risk of tMN. The increasing implementation of clinical sequencing at diagnosis provides an opportunity to identify patients at risk of tMN for prevention strategies

Cancer therapy shapes the fitness landscape of clonal hematopoiesis.

Acquired mutations are pervasive across normal tissues. However, understanding of the processes that drive transformation of certain clones to cancer is limited. Here we study this phenomenon in the context of clonal hematopoiesis (CH) and the development of therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (tMNs). We find that mutations are selected differentially based on exposures. Mutations in ASXL1 are enriched in current or former smokers, whereas cancer therapy with radiation, platinum and topoisomerase II inhibitors preferentially selects for mutations in DNA damage response genes (TP53, PPM1D, CHEK2). Sequential sampling provides definitive evidence that DNA damage response clones outcompete other clones when exposed to certain therapies. Among cases in which CH was previously detected, the CH mutation was present at tMN diagnosis. We identify the molecular characteristics of CH that increase risk of tMN. The increasing implementation of clinical sequencing at diagnosis provides an opportunity to identify patients at risk of tMN for prevention strategies

Clonal hematopoiesis is associated with risk of severe Covid-19.

Acquired somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (clonal hematopoiesis or CH) are associated with advanced age, increased risk of cardiovascular and malignant diseases, and decreased overall survival. These adverse sequelae may be mediated by altered inflammatory profiles observed in patients with CH. A pro-inflammatory immunologic profile is also associated with worse outcomes of certain infections, including SARS-CoV-2 and its associated disease Covid-19. Whether CH predisposes to severe Covid-19 or other infections is unknown. Among 525 individuals with Covid-19 from Memorial Sloan Kettering (MSK) and the Korean Clonal Hematopoiesis (KoCH) consortia, we show that CH is associated with severe Covid-19 outcomes (OR = 1.85, 95%=1.15-2.99, p = 0.01), in particular CH characterized by non-cancer driver mutations (OR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.15-3.50, p = 0.01). We further explore the relationship between CH and risk of other infections in 14,211 solid tumor patients at MSK. CH is significantly associated with risk of Clostridium Difficile (HR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.22-3.30, p = 6×10-3) and Streptococcus/Enterococcus infections (HR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.15-2.13, p = 5×10-3). These findings suggest a relationship between CH and risk of severe infections that warrants further investigation