How organized is deep convection over Germany?

Deep moist convection shows a tendency to organize into mesoscale structures. To be able to understand the potential effect of convective organization on the climate, one needs first to characterize organization. In this study, we systematically characterize the organizational state of convection over Germany based on two years of cloud-top observations derived from the Meteosat Second Generation satellite and of precipitation cores detected by the German C-band radar network. The organizational state of convection is characterized by commonly employed organization indices, which are mostly based on the object numbers, sizes and nearest-neighbour distances. According to the organization index Iorg, cloud tops and precipitation cores are found to be in an organized state for 69% and 92% of the time, respectively. There is an increase in rainfall when the number of objects and their sizes increase, independently of the organizational state. Case-studies of specific days suggest that convectively organized states correspond to either local multi-cell clusters, with less numerous, larger objects close to each other, or to scattered clusters, with more numerous, smaller organized objects spread out over the domain. For those days, simulations are performed with the large-eddy model ICON with grid spacings of 625, 312 and 156?m. Although the model underestimates rainfall and shows a too large cold cloud coverage, the organizational state is reasonably well represented without significant differences between the grid spacings

Managing diseases and insects in home orchards

This publication recommends management practices for controlling diseases and insects. This pest management guide was prepared for the home gardener. It doesn’t meet the exacting requirements of the commercial fruit grower. Many fungicides and insecticides are available, which, when used according to the label directions, are effective in managing diseases and insects listed on the label.Published August 2010. A more recent revision exists. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.eduKeywords: disease, home orchard, fungicide, insect, insecticide, home garden, pestKeywords: disease, home orchard, fungicide, insect, insecticide, home garden, pes

2015 pest management guide for tree fruits in the Mid-Columbia area : Hood River, The Dalles, White Salmon

Presents pesticide and herbicide application rates and recommendations, by tree growth stage, for pests that infect fruit trees. Covers apples, pears, and cherries. Provides (1) spray program for nutrients; (2) dilutions table for wettable powder and liquid products; (3) natural enemy impact guide for tree fruit pesticides; (4) illustrated bud development chart and associated stages for apples, pears, peaches, apricots, cherries, and plums; (5) reentry levels for common pesticides; and 6) application rates for chemical thinning and growth regulator sprays.Revised January 2015. A more recent revision exists. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalogKeywords: pesticide, Mid-Columbia, honeybee hazard, tree fruit, pest management, fungicides, bactericides, pesticide safet

Simple and efficient expression of Agaricus meleagris pyranose dehydrogenase in Pichia pastoris

Pyranose dehydrogenase (PDH) is a fungal flavin-dependent sugar oxidoreductase that is highly interesting for applications in organic synthesis or electrochemistry. The low expression levels of the filamentous fungus Agaricus meleagris as well as the demand for engineered PDH make heterologous expression necessary. Recently, Aspergillus species were described to efficiently secrete recombinant PDH. Here, we evaluate recombinant protein production with expression hosts more suitable for genetic engineering. Expression in Escherichia coli resulted in no soluble or active PDH. Heterologous expression in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris was investigated using two different signal sequences as well as a codon-optimized sequence. A 96-well plate activity screening for transformants of all constructs was established and the best expressing clone was used for large-scale production in 50-L scale, which gave a volumetric yield of 223 mg L−1 PDH or 1,330 U L−1 d−1 in space–time yield. Purification yielded 13.4 g of pure enzyme representing 95.8% of the initial activity. The hyperglycosylated recombinant enzyme had a 20% lower specific activity than the native enzyme; however, the kinetic properties were essentially identical. This study demonstrates the successful expression of PDH in the eukaryotic host organism P. pastoris paving the way for protein engineering. Additionally, the feasibility of large-scale production of the enzyme with this expression system together with a simplified purification scheme for easy high-yield purification is shown

Cherry : 2015 pest management guide for the Willamette Valley

Recommends pest management practices for cherry.Published March 2015. A more recent revision exists. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalo

Apple : 2014 pest management guide for the Willamette Valley

Recommends pest management practices for apple.Revised March 2015. A more recent revision exists. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.ed