Controlling diseases and insects in home orchards [1994]

Published January 1973. A more recent revision exists. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalo

Evaluation of Grape Powdery Mildew Forecasting Programs Grape (Vitis vinifera 'Chardonnay') Powdery Mildew (Uncinula necator)

Three forecasting programs for scheduling fungicide applications were selected for comparison with the standard Oregon phenology based program. The California (Gubler-Thomas, UC-Davis) program used leaf wetness and temperature early in the year to predict ascospore infection periods and only temperature during the summer to predict conidial infection periods. The New York (Gadoury) program was based on rainfall and temperature. The German (Oi Diag) program incorporated relative humidity along with temperature and rainfall. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design in a block of 'Chardonnay' planted in 1985 on a 7 x 10 ft spacing. Vines were trained to a bilateral cordon with spur pruning. Shoot thinning occurred 12-13 May to provide uniform cane density. Each treatment was replicated on 3 sets of 5 vines. Treatments were applied using a handgun sprayer at 300 psi at a rate of 200 gal water/A for applications between 1 May (budbreak) and 13 May (6" growth). Treatments were applied using a hooded boom sprayer at 300 psi at a rate of 200 gal water/A for all applications after 13 May. Approximately 3.5 gal of spray suspension was applied per 15 vines (150 gal water/A) between 1 May and 13 May, 4.5 gal between 21 May and 28 Jul, and 5 gal (200 gal water/A) for the rest of the applications. Treatments were applied as required by the guidelines for each program. However, additional conditions for stopping programs at or just after verasion were incorporated as requested by Oregon growers. The standard program and the water control were applied on 13 May (6" shoots), 21 May (12" shoots), 2 Jun (prebloom, EL growth stage 17), 16 Jun (90% bloom), 1 Jul, 15 Jul (bunch closure), 22 Jul, 5 Aug, and 12 Aug (verasion). No Botrytis control measures, including leaf removal, were applied to test vines. All programs used one of two fimgicides, Thiolux DF at 3 lb/100 gal water or Rally at 2 oz/100 gal water for each application. Trap plants of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' were placed next to nontreated vines for 24 hour periods within the same block of grapes from 8 May to 3 Jul. After 24 hours of exposure, plants were transferred to a greenhouse several miles away for incubation under conditions favorable for powdery mildew development

Controlling diseases and insects in home orchards [1993]

Published January 1973. A newer revision exists. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalo

Diagnosing cherry virus problems

Published April 1991. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalo

Simple and efficient expression of Agaricus meleagris pyranose dehydrogenase in Pichia pastoris

Pyranose dehydrogenase (PDH) is a fungal flavin-dependent sugar oxidoreductase that is highly interesting for applications in organic synthesis or electrochemistry. The low expression levels of the filamentous fungus Agaricus meleagris as well as the demand for engineered PDH make heterologous expression necessary. Recently, Aspergillus species were described to efficiently secrete recombinant PDH. Here, we evaluate recombinant protein production with expression hosts more suitable for genetic engineering. Expression in Escherichia coli resulted in no soluble or active PDH. Heterologous expression in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris was investigated using two different signal sequences as well as a codon-optimized sequence. A 96-well plate activity screening for transformants of all constructs was established and the best expressing clone was used for large-scale production in 50-L scale, which gave a volumetric yield of 223 mg L−1 PDH or 1,330 U L−1 d−1 in space–time yield. Purification yielded 13.4 g of pure enzyme representing 95.8% of the initial activity. The hyperglycosylated recombinant enzyme had a 20% lower specific activity than the native enzyme; however, the kinetic properties were essentially identical. This study demonstrates the successful expression of PDH in the eukaryotic host organism P. pastoris paving the way for protein engineering. Additionally, the feasibility of large-scale production of the enzyme with this expression system together with a simplified purification scheme for easy high-yield purification is shown

ATRIBUTOS FUNCIONAIS DE ESPÉCIES ARBÓREAS EM UM FRAGMENTO DE FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA MISTA EM LAGES - SC

This study aimed to describe the functional traits of tree species in an Araucaria Forest fragment, in the municipality of Lages, SC state, in order to group them functionally. For each of the 20 most abundant species in the study area, a total of 10 individuals were sampled for the determination of the mean wood density and mean leaf size. The leaf renovation regimes, the dispersal syndrome and the maximum height in the fragment were also described for these species. The results of maximum height and wood density suggest the existence of a trade-off between investment of resources in height growth, ensuring access to some higher light availability, or in wood density, allowing for greater resilience and survival in a shaded understory environment. The gymnosperm species, Podocarpus lambertii and Araucaria angustifolia showed smaller leaves, while Cupania vernalis, Jacaranda puberula and Matayba elaeagnoides, all of compound leaves, had larger ones. Four functional groups stood out: 1) Evergreen with large leaves, 2) Evergreen with small leaves, 3) Deciduous with zoochoric syndrome, and 4) Deciduous with non-zoochoric syndrome. The results showed that the most abundant species of the studied Araucaria Forest fragment present functional trait variations, suggesting different life strategies.O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever atributos funcionais de espécies arbóreas em um fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Mista em Lages - SC, com o propósito de agrupá-las funcionalmente. Para cada uma das 20 espécies mais abundantes na área de estudo foi amostrado um total de 10 indivíduos e determinada a média da densidade da madeira e o tamanho médio das folhas. Dessas espécies, também foi descrito o regime de renovação foliar, a síndrome de dispersão de propágulos e a altura máxima no fragmento. Os resultados de altura máxima e de densidade da madeira sugerem a existência de um trade-off entre o investimento de recursos para o crescimento em altura, garantindo o acesso à maior disponibilidade lumínica, ou em densidade da madeira, permitindo maior capacidade de resistência e sobrevivência em um ambiente sombreado de sub-bosque. As gimnospermas Araucaria angustifolia e Podocarpus lambertii apresentaram as folhas de menor tamanho, enquanto Cupania vernalis, Jacaranda puberula e Matayba elaeagnoides, todas de folhas compostas, apresentam as maiores folhas. Quatro grupos funcionais se destacaram: 1) perenes de folhas grandes, 2) perenes de folhas pequenas, 3) decíduas zoocóricas e 4) decíduas não zoocóricas. Os resultados demonstraram que as espécies mais abundantes do fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Mista estudado apresentam variações dos atributos funcionais avaliados, sugerindo diferentes estratégias de vida.