CMAF – CHRIS Morphological Adaptive Filter

The paper presents a new method of CHRIS images filtering. The presented algorithm is based on mathematical morphology operations and allows to correct the main CHRIS images noise types, like missing pixels and vertical stripes caused by a malfunctioning of the device. the algorithm is preceded by the brief discussion on the nature of the noise and the basis of mathematical morphology. The resulting images are compared to the results of application of other types of CHRIS-dedicated algorithms (Settle methods)

Numerical and Experimental Investigation of a Short Recoil Operated Weapon and Impact of Construction Characteristics on its Operation Cycle

    Estimation of kinematic and dynamic parameters of weapon mechanisms during operation is one of the crucial elements of design and optimisation. This study presents results of numerical and experimental investigations of a short-recoil-operated weapon action cycle. Theoretical considerations were based on multibody systems and finite element approaches. An experimental stand was adopted to investigate the kinematic characteristics of pistol parts and provide a set of slide displacement and velocity time courses. Comparison of theoretical and experimental data allowed for positive validation of the investigated model. The multibody systems numerical approach ensured a maximum relative discrepancy with experiment of 3.5 per cent for the velocity of recoiled parts, while finite element analysis calculations yielded a value of 12.7 per cent. Finally, parametric analyses were conducted to determine the influence of selected design characteristics on weapon operation. The analyses proved the correctness of the adopted design assumptions

Numerical Parametric Analysis of PW INKA Pistol

The paper describes the results of the parametric analysis obtained using the multibody systems. Numerical analysis allows checking different variants of the weapon without the need of building a lot of experimental models. As a part of the analysis, the impact of the slide mass, the recoil spring stiffness, the friction coefficients, the propellant gas pressure, and the force of bullet engraving the barrel on the kinematic characteristics of the weapon were checked. The extreme values of the slide mass and the recoil spring stiffness were selected, after crossing them, the correct operation of the weapon would not be possible. The operation of the pistol was checked for its multiple variants, taking into account its lubrication, lack of lubrication, and lack of friction by appropriate selection of the friction coefficients. The propellant gas pressure variants were selected to reflect the pressure in the barrel during shoot using ammunition manufactured according to different standards and of different quality. The models, taking into account the force of bullet engraving the barrel and those ignoring such force, were developed to check their impact on the kinematic characteristics of a short recoil operated weapon

Perspective Armour-Piercing Intermediate Cartridge Projectile

Ongoing military conflicts, along with a constant evolution of individual protection devices, have shown an urgent need of development in terms of the armour piercing capability of standard infantry small arms ammunition. The following paper includes a brief overview of the existing armour-piercing intermediate rounds, in an effort to define the most reasonable design of a perspective armour-piercing projectile. Therefore, various projectiles were designed and evaluated in terms of their external ballistic performance for chosen initial conditions, followed by preliminary internal and terminal ballistic calculations that were performed in order to assess the most reasonable outcome

Projectile for a New Intermediate Cartridge

Evolution of contemporary military conflicts has revealed some shortcomings of existing individual small arms ammunition. The first attempts to undertake research and development works on new weapons and ammunition were made in the USA, however, some projects are also being launched in other countries. This paper presents a short review of the newly developed rounds for perspective small arms systems as well as an attempt to determine a caliber of perspective individual weapon. For this purpose, some preliminary external and terminal ballistic analyses were conducted for various diameter projectiles of the same design

The Comparison of Different Methods of Texture Analysis for Their Efficacy for Land Use Classification in Satellite Imagery

The paper presents a comparison of the efficacy of several texture analysis methods as tools for improving land use/cover classification in satellite imagery. The tested methods were: gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) features, Laplace filters and granulometric analysis, based on mathematical morphology. The performed tests included an assessment of the classification accuracy performed based on spectro-textural datasets: spectral images with the addition of images generated using different texture analysis methods. The class nomenclature was based on spectral and textural differences and included the following classes: water, low vegetation, bare soil, urban, and two (coniferous and deciduous) forest classes. The classification accuracy was assessed using the overall accuracy and kappa index of agreement, based on the reference data generated using visual interpretation of the images. The analysis was performed using very high-resolution imagery (Pleiades, WorldView-2) and high-resolution imagery (Sentinel-2). The results show the efficacy of selected GLCM features and granulometric analysis as tools for providing textural data, which could be used in the process of land use/cover classification. It is also clear that texture analysis is generally a more important and effective component of classification for images of higher resolution. In addition, for classification using GLCM results, the Random Forest variable importance analysis was performed

Landscape changes of small town middle and external zone

Krajobraz małych miast ma wpływ na tożsamość polskiej przestrzeni. W artykule przedstawiono uwarunkowania mające wpływ na fizjonomię struktury przestrzennej małych miast oraz zmiany w sposobie użytkowania gruntów. W badaniach skupiono się na strefie przejściowej pomiędzy terenami zurbanizowanymi a terenami wiejskimi. Tereny znajdujące się poza granicami administracyjnymi miast traktowane są przez polskie opracowania statystyczne jako obszary wiejskie. W statystyce nie wyróżnia się strefy podmiejskiej, będącej z krajobrazowego punktu widzenia obszarem wrażliwym, w którym występują szczególne uwarunkowania funkcjonalno-przestrzenne. Badania nad zmieniającą się strukturą przestrzenną miasta przedstawiono w odniesieniu do stref wyróżnionych przez Adamczewską-Wejchert i Wejcherta [1998]. Uwagę skupiono na strefach pośredniej i zewnętrznej małego miasta. Do badań wybrano dwa małe ośrodki miejskie: miasto Gołdap, leżące w województwie warmińsko-mazurskim, w powiecie gołdapskim, i miasto Sulechów, położone w województwie lubuskim, w powiecie zielonogórskim. Zbadano zmiany w sposobach użytkowania gruntów związane z presją urbanizacyjną i zmianami funkcji występujące na obszarze badanych ośrodków miejskich.Small towns’ landscape is a part of cultural heritage of Polish countryside. Its structures represent a specific, historically determined landscape pattern. This paper presents conditions influencing the physiognomy of spatial structure of small towns and current changes in land use. The research focuses on urban-fringe area. The surveys relate to different zones identified in small towns’ spatial structure by Adamczewska-Wejchert & Wejchert [1998]: middle zone and outer zone. The research were conducted in two small towns: Gołdap, situated in Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship, and Sulechów, situated in Lubuskie Voivodeship

Methods for separating orchards from forest using airborne LiDAR

International audienceAbstract• Key messageThe aim of the study was to distinguish orchards from other lands with forest vegetation based on the data from airborne laser scanning. The methods based on granulometry provided better results than the pattern analysis. The analysis based on the Forest Data Bank/Cadastre polygons provided better results than the analysis based on the segmentation polygons. Classification of orchards and other areas with forest vegetation is important in the context of reporting forest area to international organizations, forest management, and mitigating effects of climate change.• ContextAgricultural lands with forest vegetation, e.g., orchards, do not constitute forests according to the forest definition formulated by the national and international definitions, but contrary to the one formulated in the Kyoto Protocol. It is a reason for the inconsistency in the forest area reported by individual countries.• AimsThe aim of the study was to distinguish orchards from other lands with forest vegetation based on the data from airborne laser scanning.• MethodsThe study analyzed the usefulness of various laser scanning products and the various features of pattern and granulometric analysis in the Milicz forest district in Poland.• ResultsThe methods based on granulometry provided better results than the pattern analysis. The analysis based on the Forest Data Bank/Cadastre polygons provided better results than the analysis based on the segmentation polygons.• ConclusionGranulometric analysis has proved to be a useful tool in the classification of orchards and other areas with forest vegetation. It is important in the context of reporting forest area to international organizations, forest management, and mitigating effects of climate change

Public perceptions of rural landscapes in land consolidation procedures in Poland

A high level of fragmentation of farms exists in many parts of Poland, which leads to inefficiency in farm management and a range of logistical problems. Land consolidation is a process that reverses fragmentation by enabling an exchange of plots of equivalent value between participants. The primary aim of land consolidation is to improve spatial and economic conditions for farming by decreasing the number of separate plots that belong to a given farm, adjusting the shape of plots to enable mechanized cultivation of soil, and decreasing the distance between dwellings and cultivated plots. Contemporary consolidation works, performed in compliance with the principles of sustainable development, enable creation of legaland spatial conditions that allow the multifunctional development of rural areas and may be used as an instrument to shape rural landscapes. However, the implicit value of landscape is often not taken intoconsideration during the plot valuation that is undertaken as part of consolidation procedures. The aim of this research is to determine the perceptions and attitudes toward rural landscape elementsheld by three groups of landscape users: (i) visitors, (ii) farmers who live in areas that are not subjectto landscape consolidation processes and (iii) farmers who are engaged in consolidation processes. The focus group method and the L-sort (Landscape sort) method were used to assess attitudes and perceptions,with particular focus on whether there are the differences between the groups and how the perceptionof landscape value is influenced by: (i) the land consolidation process it self; (ii) the development of farmtourism; and (iii) European Union policies. The results revealed a traditional pattern of landscape appraisalthat is strengthened by a utilitarian approach to the value of land in the consolidation procedure. This pattern has the potential to change due to a developing awareness that optimally shaped landscapes maycontribute to attracting visitors and/or allow the landowner to obtain financial support under European Union programs. The paper concludes that the esthetic and cultural value of landscape elements should be taken into consideration when evaluating land during the consolidation procedure