Effect of Source and Level of Supplemental Protein on Performance of Postpartum Range Cows

Two postpartum grazing trials were conducted from early March to mid May in consecutive years to determine the effects of supplemental rumen escape protein on the performance of spring calving beef cows grazing native range. Simmental x Angus cows were allotted within 7 to 14 days of calving to three supplement treatments formulated to provide equal amounts of energy from corn, soybean meal, and a combination of blood meal and corn gluten meal. Cows supplemented with corn lost more weight than cows supplemented with soybean meal. Supplemental escape protein did not improve weight gains over the soybean meal supplement. Supplemental treatments did not affect cow body condition, percentage of cows cycling, or calf performance. Results from this trial indicated that supplemental escape protein did not improve cow performance over that of a more rumen degradable protein source such as soybean meal

Fenceline Weaning for Beef Cattle

Weaning time can be stressful for cows and calves. Under traditional weaning systems, changes in environment, diet composition, and pathogen exposure can reduce animal performance and result in health problems. In response to these challenges, interest in fenceline weaning has grown in recent years. Fenceline weaning is a management system in which the calves are removed from their dams but are allowed to see, hear, and smell their dams. Depending on the fencing used, physical contact may also be possible. Fenceline weaning has the potential to reduce stress related to transport, changes in environment, and diet adaptation. It may also reduce labor demands and costs associated with drylot facilities

Effects of Level of Concentration on Utilization of Mature Prairie Hay by Steers

A trial involving total tract digestibility and ruminal in situ disappearance was conducted to determine effects of level of concentrate supplement on utilization of mature prairie hay by beef steers. Supplemental treatments included CONTROL (no supplement) and combinations of corn and soybean meal to provide .66 1b of ruminally degradable protein from increasing amounts of concentrate supplement (LOW = 2.16 Ib/day, MEDIUM = 6.28 Ib/day, and HIGH = 10.38 Ib/day). Steers receiving higher levels of concentrate supplements (MEDIUM and HIGH) exhibited decreased intake (P\u3c.01) and digestibility (P\u3c.01) of mature prairie hay. Supplementation with the low level of high crude protein supplement (LOW) resulted in improved dry matter intake (P\u3c.01) and digestibility (P\u3c.02) of mature prairie hay. Apparent dry matter digestibility of the total diet increased (P\u3c.05) as level of concentrate supplement increased. Supplementation with the high level of concentrate supplement (HIGH) decreased disappearance of dry matter (P\u3c.05) and neutral detergent fiber (P\u3c.05) from the rumen and depressed ruminal pH (P\u3c.01) at 4, 8, and 12 hours post-supplementation. Results of this trial confirm the benefits of low levels of high crude protein, all natural supplements on utilization of mature forages and indicate that high levels of high starch supplements will depress utilization of mature prairie hay

Effects of Level of Concentrate and Forage Availability on the Performance of Beef Cows Grazing Winter Range

Two winter grazing trials were conducted on consecutive years to determine the effect of level of concentrate supplement and amount of forage available on performance of cows grazing dormant winter range. Simmental x Angus cows were fed concentrate supplements containing combinations of corn and soybean meal at either high, medium or low levels. Supplements were formulated to provide .7 Ib of crude protein during year 1 and .51 Ib of rumen degradable crude protein in year 2. Two pastures with differing amounts of available forage were grazed each year. In year 1, the amount of available forage had a greater effect on body weight and condition score change than did level of concentrate fed. Cows receiving higher levels of supplement actually gained less weight. The interaction between level of supplement and amount of available forage showed higher levels of concentrate supplement may be more detrimental when amount of available forage is limited. The amount of available forage was considerably greater in both pastures the second year with cows gaining more weight on the high available forage pasture. Cows receiving higher levels of concentrate supplement gained more weight and body condition than those receiving lower levels of supplement. There was no interaction between forage availability and level of concentrate in year 2

An analysis of integrative outcomes in the Dayton peace negotiations

The nature of the negotiated outcomes of the eight issues of the Dayton Peace Agreement was studied in terms of their integrative and distributive aspects. in cases where integrative elements were Sound, further analysis was conducted by concentrating on Pruitt's five types of integrative solutions: expanding the pie, cost cutting, non-specific compensation, logrolling, and bridging. The results showed that real world international negotiations can arrive at integrative agreements even when they involve redistribution of resources tin this case the redistribution of former Yugoslavia). Another conclusion was that an agreement can consist of several distributive outcomes and several integrative outcomes produced by different kinds of mechanisms. Similarly, in single issues more than one mechanism can be used simultaneously. Some distributive bargaining was needed in order to determine how much compensation was required. Finally, each integrative formula had some distributive aspects as well

Level of Available Forage and Supplemental Protein and Energy for Cows Grazing Winter Range

A winter grazing trial at the SDSU Range and Livestock Research Station near Cottonwood was conducted to determine if the response to feeding a high starch supplement is dependent on the amount of protein fed and the amount of forage available. During December and January 126 Simmental-Angus crossbred cows grazing two pastures with differing amounts of available forage were fed four supplemental treatments that provided the following amounts of crude protein (Ib) and metabolizable energy (Mcal) per cow daily: 1) .72 and 3.92, 2) .72 and 10.64, 3) 1.44 and 7.78, and 4) 1.44 and 10.91. Cows grazing the high available forage pasture gained 41 Ib more than those grazing the low forage pasture. lncreasing the amount of supplemental protein from .72 to 1.44 1b per cow daily increased cow gains. lncreasing the amount of supplemental energy did not improve cow weight gains when the level of supplemental protein was .72 1b per cow daily. When the amount of protein was doubled, increasing the amount of supplemental energy increased gains by 21 Ib. There was a tendency for a greater response to the higher protein, higher energy supplement for cows grazing the pasture with less forage available

Decontamination of a \u3cem\u3eHistoplasma capsulatum\u3c/em\u3e-Infested Blackbird Roost: Use of a Sprinkler System to Apply Formalin

When disturbed, blackbird/starling roost sites can be sources of locally severe outbreaks of histoplasmosis; therefore decontamination with formalin is sometimes prudent. We describe the use of a $5000 sprinkler system for spraying formalin on a Histoplasma capsulatum-infested roost site. This system precludes direct worker involvement in the application of this hazardous chemical to the area. Analysis of soil samples collected and cultured both before and after formalin treatment confirmed the eradication of H. capsulatum from the 1.3 ha site. Cost was approximately$17,000 with sprinkler system provided at no charge

On Determining Dead Layer and Detector Thicknesses for a Position-Sensitive Silicon Detector

In this work, two particular properties of the position-sensitive, thick silicon detectors (known as the "E" detectors) in the High Resolution Array (HiRA) are investigated: the thickness of the dead layer on the front of the detector, and the overall thickness of the detector itself. The dead layer thickness for each E detector in HiRA is extracted using a measurement of alpha particles emitted from a $^{212}$Pb pin source placed close to the detector surface. This procedure also allows for energy calibrations of the E detectors, which are otherwise inaccessible for alpha source calibration as each one is sandwiched between two other detectors. The E detector thickness is obtained from a combination of elastically scattered protons and an energy-loss calculation method. Results from these analyses agree with values provided by the manufacturer.Comment: Accepted for publication in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Researc