THE FUNCTIONAL PRAGMATICS OF THE 21st CENTURY

The present article is dedicated to a very distinct and fascinating branch of pragmatics that was elaborated in Germany in the second half of the 20th century. It is mostly connected with the names of Konrad Ehlich and Jochen Rehbein. Functional Pragmatics (FP) was based on the ideas of Karl Bьhler and was advanced through the efforts of Ludger Hoffmann, Angelika Redder, Kristin Bьhrig, Wilhelm GrieЯhaber and their followers. The article focuses predominantly upon the latest studies within the framework of FP that emerged in the 21st century. FP deals with human verbal behaviour and verbal actions. FP has developed or loaned terminology that helps to analyse discourses (spoken language) and texts (written speech) like pattern, procedure, succession, substantiation, cohesion etc. This approach can be practically applied in the institutional and intercultural communication, in teaching and testing languages and so on. A special interest is placed into philosophical and historical parallels between the German and the Soviet / Russian scholarship. The names of Vygotsky, Yakubinsky, Bakhtin are very familiar for the representatives of the FP. Usually, it welcomes interdisciplinarity, multimodality, technical and electronic instruments of the speech investigation. In the recent times, a project has addressed the idea of lingua receptiva, or the intercomprehension of the genetically related languages

COLLABORATION MANAGEMENT FOR SUBJECTS OF EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY IN INFORMATION-EDUCATIONAL SPACE

This article presents a conception of collaboration of main actors in information-educational space, based on service level management process from the library of best practices ITIL, composition and procedure of information interchange between actors, responsibility of each actor, metrics and key performance indicators of each actor’s activity within educational service delivery

Диагностические возможности анализа сновидений: теоретические предпосылки и методические подходы

Introduction. Violation of some cognitive functions and general mental state after massive treatmentmakes it difficult to use generally accepted survey methods for the diagnosis of neurological andpsychological status during rehabilitation. In this regard, the analysis of dreams seems to be anactual method, which, according to modern research, makes it possible to identify violations ofthe psychological and somatic state of patients at the early stages and make a forecast abouttheir recovery. Theoretical justification. The possibility of using dream analysis as a diagnosticmethod is based on modern ideas about the neurophysiological and mental mechanisms ofdreaming. Different author notes changes in dream activity while neurological, mental andsomatic diseases. More and more researchers agree that dreams can be harbingers, a kind of«signal system» of emerging somatic, neurological and mental disorders. Clinical and diagnosticanalysis of dreams in neurotic disorders revealed their features both in different variants of neurosesand at all stages of the disease – from compensation to decompensation. The existence ofa relationship between dream images and a predisposition to anxiety, depression and astheniahas been established. Discussion. Existing scientific research suggests the possibility of usingdream analysis as an early diagnosis of neurotic conditions and somatic pathologies, the clinicalsymptoms of which have not yet manifested themselves symptomatically but already appearin dreams. The article provides a literature review on modern concepts of neurophysiologicaland mental mechanisms of dreams and the possibilities of using the results of their analysis asa diagnostic model are indicated.Введение. Нарушение некоторых когнитивных функций и общего психического состояния после массированного лечения затрудняет использование при реабилитации общепринятых опросных методов для диагностики неврологического и психологического статуса.  В этой связи актуальным методом представляется анализ сновидений, который, согласно современным исследованиям, позволяет выявить на ранних этапах нарушения психологического и соматического состояния  пациентов и сделать прогноз об их восстановлении. Теоретическое обоснование. В основе возможности применения анализа сновидения в качестве диагностического метода лежат современные представления о нейрофизиологических и психических механизмах сновидческой активности. Изменения сновидческой активности отмечены разными авторами при неврологических, психических и соматических заболеваниях. Все больше исследователей сходятся во мнении, что сновидения могут быть предвестниками, своеобразной «сигнальной системой» формирующихся соматических, неврологических и психических нарушений. Клинико-диагностический анализ сновидений при невротических нарушениях позволил выявить их особенности как при разных вариантах неврозов, так и на всех стадиях заболевания – от компенсации до декомпенсации. Установлено существование взаимосвязи между образами сновидений и предрасположенностью к тревожным состояниям, депрессии и астении. Обсуждение результатов. Существующие научные исследования позволяют говорить о возможности применения анализа сновидений в качестве ранней диагностики невротических состояний и соматических патологий, клинические симптомы которых еще не проявились симптоматически, но уже появляются в сновидениях. В статье выполнен обзор литературы по современным представлениям о нейрофизиологических и психических механизмах сновидений, указаны возможности применения результатов их анализа в качестве диагностической модели

Neuronal Hyperactivation in EEG Data during Cognitive Tasks Is Related to the Apolipoprotein J/Clusterin Genotype in Nondemented Adults

The clusterin (CLU) rs11136000 CC genotype is a probable risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). CLU, also known as the apolipoprotein J gene, shares certain properties with the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene with a well-established relationship with AD. This study aimed to determine whether the electrophysiological patterns of brain activation during the letter fluency task (LFT) depend on CLU genotypes in adults without dementia. Previous studies have shown that LFT performance involves activation of the frontal cortex. We examined EEG alpha1 and alpha2 band desynchronization in the frontal regions during the LFT in 94 nondemented individuals stratified by CLU (rs11136000) genotype. Starting at 30 years of age, CLU CC carriers exhibited more pronounced task-related alpha2 desynchronization than CLU CT&TT carriers in the absence of any differences in LFT performance. In CLU CC carriers, alpha2 desynchronization was significantly correlated with age. Increased task-related activation in individuals at genetic risk for AD may reflect greater “effort” to perform the task and/or neuronal hyperexcitability. The results show that the CLU genotype is associated with neuronal hyperactivation in the frontal cortex during cognitive tasks performances in nondemented individuals, suggesting systematic vulnerability of LFT related cognitive networks in people carrying unfavorable CLU alleles