The nature of school : an ethnographic case study.

2 volsSIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:DX79132 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Introducing Visual Methods

Over the last two decades there has been a global surge in interest in visual research methods. Word and number-based researchers are coming to realise there is considerable potential for gaining knowledge if image-based methodologies are adopted. This paper provides and overview of approaches and perspectives broken down into five easily digested sections to be consumed wholly or in part: early visual research; researcher created data; respondent created data; research design; and visual ethics. The paper will be of particular interest to qualitative social scientists new to visual methods or those with little experience of their application. A wide range of carefully selected references and resources are included to provide the reader with further in-depth insights

Beyond the DSM-IV: Assumptions, Alternatives, and Alterations

Current diagnostic processes reflect the limitations and utility of the framework of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Clinical information in the DSM-IV\u27s 5-axis system almost exclusively focuses on weaknesses and pathology and is summarized in a flawed categorical system. Hence, the authors describe 3 adjunctive, or alternative, means of conceptualizing behavior; several means of altering the current DSM-IV system; and 2 future directions in the diagnosis of strengths

Visual Research Ethics at the Crossroads

This paper provides an overview of the debates and practices that shape visual research ethics. We outline the requirements and expectations of institutional ethics review boards and legal frameworks, for example regarding filming and photographing in public and issues of copyright. We contend that legal and institutional requirements should not be the sole determinants when making decisions about ethics but rather must be situated within the research context and accommodated in a researcher’s individual moral framework. We suggest that visual methods, and the data they produce, challenge some of the ethical practices associated with word and number based research, in particular around informed consent, anonymity and confidentiality, and dissemination strategies. Overall, we argue that research ethics are contested, dynamic and contextual and as such, are best approached through detailed understanding of the concrete, everyday situations in which they are applied. The title of this paper ‘visual ethics at the crossroads’ is metaphorical, indicating that visual research has reached an important juncture and signifying it is timely to take stock and move in new direction

Visual Ethics: developing good practice

This project aimed to capitalise on the NCRM’s networks and innovative work in visual methods to i) identify visual researchers’ everyday practice in relation to ethics; ii) map the ethical issues and challenges encountered by visual researchers ; iii) identify the strategies adopted to manage visual ethics; iv) gain an understanding, and identify exemplars, of good ethical practice in visual research; v) identify any particularly problematic or seemingly ‘unresolvable’ ethical concerns that would benefit from further and more detailed exploration. It was intended that a resource on good ethical practice for visual researchers would be developed from the project

A Monte Carlo framework for managing biological variability in manufacture of autologous cell therapy from mesenchymal stromal cells therapies

Manufacturing processes for autologous cell therapy need to reproducibly generate in specification (quality and quantity) clinical product. However, patient variability prevents the level of control of cell input material that could be achieved in a cell line or allogeneic-based process. We have applied literature data on bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stromal cells variability to estimate probability distributions for stem cell yields given underlying truncated normal distributions in total nucleated cell concentration, stem cell percentage and plausible aspirate volumes. Monte Carlo simulation identified potential variability in harvested stem cell number in excess of an order of magnitude. The source material variability was used to identify the proportion of donor manufacturing runs that would achieve a target yield specification of 2E7 cells in a fixed time window with given proliferative rates and different aspirate volumes. A rapid, screening, development approach was undertaken to assess culture materials and process parameters (T-flask surface, medium, feed schedule) to specify a protocol with identified proliferative rate and a consequent model-based target aspirate volume. Finally, four engineering runs of the candidate process were conducted and a range of relevant quality parameters measured including expression of markers CD105, CD73, CD44, CD45, CD34, CD11b, CD19, HLA-DR, CD146 (melanoma cell adhesion molecule), CD106 (vascular cell adhesion molecule) and SSEA-4, specific metabolic activity and vascular endothelial growth factor secretion, and osteogenic differentiation potential. Our approach of using estimated distributions from publicly available information provides a route for data-poor earl- stage developers to plan manufacture with defined risk based on rational assumptions; furthermore, the models produced by such assumptions can be used to evaluate candidate processes, and can be incrementally improved with accumulating distribution understanding or subdivision by new process variables

Does exercise training prescription based on estimated heart rate training zones exceed the ventilatory anaerobic threshold in patients with coronary heart disease undergoing usual-care cardiovascular rehabilitation?: A United Kingdom perspective

Background: In the United Kingdom (UK), exercise intensity is prescribed from a fixed percentage range (% heart rate reserve; %HRR) in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programmes. We aimed to determine the accuracy of this approach by comparing it with an objective, threshold-based approach incorporating the accurate determination of ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT). We also aimed to investigate the role of baseline cardiorespiratory fitness status, and exercise testing mode dependency (cycle v treadmill ergometer) on these relationships. Design/Methods: A maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test was conducted on a cycle ergometer or a treadmill before and following usual-care circuit training from two separate CR programmes from a single region in the UK. The heart rate corresponding to VAT was compared to current heart rate-based exercise prescription guidelines. Results: We included 112 referred patients (61 years [59-63]; body mass index 29 kg∙m-2 [29-30]; 88% male). There was a significant but relatively weak correlation (r=0.32; P=0.001) between measured and predicted %HRR, and values were significantly different from each other (P=0.005). Within this cohort, we found that 54% of patients had their VAT identified outside of the 40-70% predicted HRR exercise training zone. In the majority of participants (45%), the VAT occurred at an exercise intensity 70% HRR. VAT was significantly higher on the treadmill than the cycle ergometer (P<0.001). Conclusion: In the UK, current guidelines for prescribing exercise intensity are based on a fixed percentage range. Our findings indicate that this approach may be inaccurate in a large proportion of patients undertaking CR