Increasing the budget costs’ efficiency as a factor of state finance stabilization

The article stands for comprehensive system approach in increasing the effect and performance of budget costs, providing the stability and long-term sustainability of state finance. In recent times Russia has gone to considerable lengths in introduction of result-oriented budgeting both on federal and regional level. In a similar vein, we could highlight the fact that insufficient conditions are created to increase the efficiency of budget costs management. The research paid much attention to the issues connected with evaluation of budget costs’ performance in conditions of implementing the concept of budget consolidation and budget constraints. Authors set number of objectives: studying economic essence of “efficiency” and “performance” of budget expenditures; studying the framework of budget stabilization financial support measures; revealing the methodological approaches in budget cost effect evaluation in the framework of program-target budgeting including the regional level. The article concludes with the necessity of improving the evaluation system of criterion-based budget costs’ management as well as highlighting the condition when the positive effect of program-target budgeting is reached: firstly, solving of methodological problem of measuring the planned (target) and actual results of budget funding; secondly, taking measures of strengthening the real responsibility of state authorities for accomplishment of target indicatorspeer-reviewe

Ultra-fast artificial neuron: generation of picosecond-duration spikes in a current-driven antiferromagnetic auto-oscillator

We demonstrate analytically and numerically, that a thin film of an antiferromagnetic (AFM) material, having biaxial magnetic anisotropy and being driven by an external spin-transfer torque signal, can be used for the generation of ultra-short "Dirac-delta-like" spikes. The duration of the generated spikes is several picoseconds for typical AFM materials and is determined by the in-plane magnetic anisotropy and the effective damping of the AFM material. The generated output signal can consist of a single spike or a discrete group of spikes ("bursting"), which depends on the repetition (clock) rate, amplitude, and shape of the external control signal. The spike generation occurs only when the amplitude of the control signal exceeds a certain threshold, similar to the action of a biological neuron in response to an external stimulus. The "threshold" behavior of the proposed AFM spike generator makes possible its application not only in the traditional microwave signal processing but also in the future neuromorphic signal processing circuits working at clock frequencies of tens of gigahertz

Low-energy plasma-immersion implantation of nitrogen ions in titanium by a beam with ballistic focusing

The results of experiments on low-energy implantation of nitrogen ions into VT1-0 titanium alloy are presented. Processing was performed by a nitrogen ion pulsed beam obtained using a ballistic ion focusing system. An ion source was a nitrogen plasma of the non-self-sustained gas arc discharge with a thermionic cathode. It has been shown that when the specimens are processed in such a system, hardness of the surface increases from 1.5 to 2.5 times. In addition, the surface of the specimens undergoes ion etching which causes the formation of an etching cavity whose profile depends on the ion effect parameters

Modification of stainless steel by low-energy focused nitrogen ion beam

The results of experiments on the modification of SUS 321 stainless steel by a nitrogen ion beam extracted from a gas plasma of the non-self-sustained arc discharge with hot cathode PINK are presented. Extraction and focusing of the beam was carried out through a grid electrode of the definite curvature. When negative electric pulsed bias is applied to the grid electrode and a specimen located under the same potential, a ballistically focused nitrogen ion beam is formed. As a result of the processing, a nitride layer is formed on the surface of stainless steel with an increased hardness compared to the initial one

Modification of stainless steel by low-energy focused nitrogen ion beam

The results of experiments on the modification of SUS 321 stainless steel by a nitrogen ion beam extracted from a gas plasma of the non-self-sustained arc discharge with hot cathode PINK are presented. Extraction and focusing of the beam was carried out through a grid electrode of the definite curvature. When negative electric pulsed bias is applied to the grid electrode and a specimen located under the same potential, a ballistically focused nitrogen ion beam is formed. As a result of the processing, a nitride layer is formed on the surface of stainless steel with an increased hardness compared to the initial one

Experimental Study and Mathematical Modeling of the Processes Occurring in ZrN Coating/Silumin Substrate Systems under Pulsed Electron Beam Irradiation

This paper presents a study of a combined modification of silumin, which included deposition of a ZrN coating on a silumin substrate and subsequent treatment of the coating/substrate system with a submillisecond pulsed electron beam. The local temperature on the samples in the electron-beam-affected zone and the thickness of the melt zone were measured experimentally and calculated using a theoretical model. The Stefan problem was solved numerically for the fast heating of bare and ZrN-coated silumin under intense electron beam irradiation. Time variations of the temperature field, the position of the crystallization front, and the speed of the front movement have been calculated. It was found that when the coating thickness was increased from 0.5 to 2 [mu]m, the surface temperature of the samples increased from 760 to 1070 °C, the rise rate of the surface temperature increased from 6×107 to 9×107 K/s, and the melt depth was no more than 57 μm. The speed of the melt front during the pulse was 3×105 [mu]m/s. Good agreement was observed between the experimental and theoretical values of the temperature characteristics and melt zone thickness

Metagenomic profiling of viral and microbial communities from the pox lesions of lumpy skin disease virus and sheeppox virus-infected hosts

IntroductionIt has been recognized that capripoxvirus infections have a strong cutaneous tropism with the manifestation of skin lesions in the form of nodules and scabs in the respective hosts, followed by necrosis and sloughing off. Considering that the skin microbiota is a complex community of commensal bacteria, fungi and viruses that are influenced by infections leading to pathological states, there is no evidence on how the skin microbiome is affected during capripoxvirus pathogenesis.MethodsIn this study, shotgun metagenomic sequencing was used to investigate the microbiome in pox lesions from hosts infected with lumpy skin disease virus and sheep pox virus.ResultsThe analysis revealed a high degree of variability in bacterial community structures across affected skin samples, indicating the importance of specific commensal microorganisms colonizing individual hosts. The most common and abundant bacteria found in scab samples were Fusobacterium necrophorum, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Helcococcus ovis and Trueperella pyogenes, irrespective of host. Bacterial reads belonging to the genera Moraxella, Mannheimia, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus and Micrococcus were identified.DiscussionThis study is the first to investigate capripox virus-associated changes in the skin microbiome using whole-genome metagenomic profiling. The findings will provide a basis for further investigation into capripoxvirus pathogenesis. In addition, this study highlights the challenge of selecting an optimal bioinformatics approach for the analysis of metagenomic data in clinical and veterinary practice. For example, direct classification of reads using a kmer-based algorithm resulted in a significant number of systematic false positives, which may be attributed to the peculiarities of the algorithm and database selection. On the contrary, the process of de novo assembly requires a large number of target reads from the symbiotic microbial community. In this work, the obtained sequencing data were processed by three different approaches, including direct classification of reads based on k-mers, mapping of reads to a marker gene database, and de novo assembly and binning of metagenomic contigs. The advantages and disadvantages of these techniques and their practicality in veterinary settings are discussed in relation to the results obtained