Rat liver mitochondrial damage under acute or chronic carbon tetrachloride-induced intoxication: Protection by melatonin and cranberryflavonoids

Incurrent societies, the riskof toxic liver damagehasmarkedly increased. The aimof thepresentwork was to carry out further research into the mechanism(s) of livermitochondrial damage inducedby acute (0.8 g/kgbodyweight, single injection) or chronic (1.6 g/ kg bodyweight, 30 days, biweekly injections) carbon tetrachloride–induced intoxication and to evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of the antioxidant, melatonin, as well as succinate and cranberryflavonoids in rats. Acute intoxication resulted in considerable impairment of mitochondrial respiratory parameters in the liver. The activity of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) decreased (by 25%, pb0.05). Short-term melatonin treatment (10 mg/kg, three times) of rats did not reduce the degree of toxicmitochondrial dysfunction but decreased the enhanced NO production. After 30-day chronic intoxication, no significant change in the respiratory activity of livermitochondriawas observed, despite marked changes in the redox-balance of mitochondria. The activities of the mitochondrial enzymes, succinate dehydrogenase and glutathione peroxidase, as well as that of cytoplasmic catalase in liver cells were inhibited significantly. Mitochondria isolated from the livers of the rats chronically treated with CCl4 displayed obvious irreversible impairments. Long-term melatonin administration (10 mg/kg, 30 days, daily) to chronically intoxicated rats diminished the toxic effects of CCl4, reducing elevated plasma activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase and bilirubin concentration, prevented accumulation of membrane lipid peroxidation products in rat liver and resulted in apparent preservation of the mitochondrial ultrastructure. The treatment of the animals by the complex of melatonin (10 mg/kg) plus succinate (50 mg/kg) plus cranberryflavonoids (7 mg/kg) was even more effective in prevention of toxic liver injury and liver mitochondria damage

Alien Registration- Prokopchik, Daniel (Bangor, Penobscot County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/11302/thumbnail.jp

Alien Registration- Prokopchik, Daniel (Bangor, Penobscot County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/11302/thumbnail.jp

CLINICAL LIVER MORPHOLOGY: RARE AND COMBINED LESIONS

Background. Morphological diagnosis of combined lesions of the liver of infectious and non-infectious etiology, as well as of primary and secondary origin is an actual problem. The purpose of the study is to present the morphological characteristics of rare and combined liver lesions of various etiologies and origins. Material and methods. The object of the study was liver biopsy specimens obtained by aspiration liver biopsy in patients with chronic diffuse liver lesions of various etiologies, as well as autopsy material. The most frequent combinations were the clinical variants, associated with immunosuppression (HIV infection), toxic and alcoholic liver damage, as well as secondary and rare liver damage. After fixation with 10% formalin solution, paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, with picrofuchsin according to Van Gieson, Masson, MSB, and according to Perls for iron as well as with congo red for amyloid. In some cases the antigens of HSV-1, HSV-2, EBV, CMV, HPV and HIV were revealed in paraffin sections of biopsy specimens with the help of the streptavidin-biotin method. Results and discussion. The incidence of tuberculous hepatitis associated with generalized hematogenous tuberculosis was 85.0%, and in association with secondary tuberculosis – only 30.8%. This type of hepatitis more often developed with the primary localization of the process in the lungs and intestines. Suppurative hepatitis was diagnosed as abscesses and diffuse suppurative inflammation. Actinomycosis of the liver was represented by 2 forms: destructive and destructive-proliferative. Echinococcal liver damage had cystic (hydatid or single-chamber) and alveolar (multi- compartment) forms. In the case of alveococcosis, the lesion in the liver had a knotty appearance, a whitish-yellowish color, and a dense consistency; on section it showed cavities filled with puriform fluid. The diagnosis of liver candidiasis is confirmed by the presence of yeast cells and pseudomycelium filaments in the granulomas. Syphilitic damage to the liver was characterized by chronic diffuse interstitial and productive-necrotic inflammation with the formation of gummas. In hemolytic disease of the newborn, foci of extramedullary hematopoiesis, hemorrhage, degeneration, necrobiosis, and hepatocyte necrosis were detected. Hemosiderosis was diagnosed in edematous and anemic forms and was pronounced in jaundice, in which besides erythroblastosis and widespread hemosiderosis, biliary stasis was also revealed. Conclusions. Due to the fact that the majority of chronic diffuse liver lesions of various etiologies are accompanied by similar morphological changes in the liver, the proposed algorithm of clinical and morphological diagnosis of combined liver lesions will provide methodological assistance to the hepatologist and morphologist in verifying the cause of the pathological process

CLINICAL MORPHOLOGY OF LIVER: BENIGN TUMORS

Background. Early diagnosis of benign liver tumors (BLT) is based on the use of methods for visualization of focal lesions of the liver. The final diagnosis of BLT is established using a comprehensive diagnosis, which includes a morphological study. The goal is to present the morphological characteristics of the BLT diagnosed in the Grodno region. Material and methods. The object of the study was liver biopsy sample obtained by performing aspiration liver biopsy in patients with focal liver disease, liver fragments excised during surgery, and also sectional material. Results. A detailed description of the morphological signs of the most frequently occurring focal lesions of the liver, referred to the BLT, is presented. Among the main BLT are tumors of epithelial and mesenchymal origin: hepatocellular adenoma, adenoma of the intrahepatic bile ducts, cystadenoma of the intrahepatic bile ducts, focal nodular hyperplasia, mesenchymal hamartoma, infantile hemangiendothelioma, hemangioma, adenomatous hyperplasia, liver damage by hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue, cysts, polycystic liver are different. Conclusion. For their morphological features BLT are different from malignant. However, under certain conditions, some BLT can increase to critical sizes, disrupt liver function, lead to complications in the form of internal bleeding and other negative consequences. The most unfavorable outcome of a number of BLT is their malignancy, which requires continuous monitoring of focal liver lesions by visualization methods, the study of molecular-genetic markers of early malignancy, and the use of morphological study of BLT (according to indications)

Morphological Changes in the Liver at Different Therapies and Long-Term Course of Chronic Hepatitis C

The purpose of the research — to determine the features of morphological changes in the liver, depending on the therapy and duration of chronic hepatitis С. Methods of the Research. Morphological examination of 53 patients with varying duration and the natural course of chronic hepatitis C and 22 patients with different duration of chronic hepatitis С who received interferon therapy. Results of the Research. With increasing duration of chronic hepatitis С, the growth process of chronicity in the liver from low-grade to severe fibrosis was found. The most pronounced fibrotic changes were recorded in patients who are not prescribed interferon therapy. Antiviral therapy has had a significant positive impact on the reduction of indicators characterizing the activity and chronicity of hepatitis С, regardless of length of illness

CLINICAL MORPHOLOGY OF LIVER: MALIGNANT TUMORS

Background. Among focal lesions of the liver, malignant liver tumors (MLTs) are recorded precisely. According to the WHO, MLTs are the fifth most frequent forms of cancer in men and the seventh in women and rank third among the causes of death from malignant neoplasms in the world. The goal is to present the morphological characteristics of MLT diagnosed in the Grodno region. Material and methods. The object of the study was liver biopsy samples obtained by performing aspiration liver biopsy in patients with suspected tumor process, liver fragments excised during surgery, and also - sectional material. Results. The international classification of MLT is presented. According to the classification, the most frequently diagnosed MLT in the Grodno region is described. The examples (pictures) of the main representatives of MLT are presented: primary and secondary, those of epithelial and mesenchymal origin. More detailed characteristics of hepatocellular and cholangiocellular liver cancer are given. Morphological signs of the tumors are indicated when performing differential diagnostics. Conclusions. Qualitative diagnostics of MLT, which is distinguished by a considerable variety, is possible when performing a complex morphological study carried out by experienced specialists using the methods of histological, immunohistochemical, and often ultrastructural analysis. Knowledge of the structural features of MLT will help increase the role of ultrasound and radiation diagnostics in the early stages of MLT

ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AS A SYSTEM-FORMING FACTOR IN THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (ON THE EXAMPLE OF DAKHADAYEVSKY DISTRICT, DAGESTAN)

Aim. We aim to analyze the quality of environmental education for sustainable development on the example of secondary schools in Dakhadayevsky district of Dagestan. Methods. As the data for research we used the answers and results on questionnaires and tests held among the students of 5-11 grades of general education institutions in the district. All test materials were compiled at the Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Dagestan State University. Statistical processing of research data was based on well-known techniques and conducted using Excel and Statistica software packages. Results. As a result of the research, we detected low levels of environmental awareness among schoolchildren. A comparative analysis of the level of environmental training of schoolchildren in Dakhadayevsky dictrict showed different results in different villages. It was also revealed that at schools the environmental knowledge is mainly gained in the course of training of biology and to a much lesser extent in the courses of geography and chemistry. The research demonstrates the imperfection of environmental education and hindered transition to a new educational paradigm, which depends on many factors and reflects the general situation of education in Russian schools. Conclusion. We propose to introduce environmental education as a separate discipline into the educational process, as well as a number of relevant topics and methods; to strengthen interdisciplinarity of education in order to learn how to set goals and solve complex social and environmental problems