QUANTIFICATION AND CORRELATION OF THE BIOACTIVE PHYTOCHEMICALS OF CROTON BONPLANDIANUM LEAVES OF SUB-HIMALAYAN REGION OF WEST BENGAL

Objective: Leaves of various herbs are rich in phytochemicals which may provide protection from various diseases. Therefore, the objective of the present study was preliminary screening of the phytochemicals like tannin, phlobatannin, cholesterol, glycoside, terpinoids, phenolics, flavonoid, steroid, anthraquinone, saponin, carbohydrate, alkaloid and protein in leaf of Croton bonplandianum Baill. and quantify some of these phytochemical. Method: Standardized biochemical and UV-Vis spectrophotometric methods were followed to analyze the phytochemical status of the leaves. Principal component analysis and correlation matrix on the basis of the quantity of the bioactive phytochemicals were performed in order to elucidate the interrelation between the various phytochemicals Result: Quite a high percentage of alkaloid (59.60 ± 4.79 g/100g), saponin (17.35 ± 1.35 g/100g), phenolic content (75.39 ± 3.19 mg/g), protein (55.04 ± 2.09 mg/g), lipid (37.53 ± 2.43 mg/g), tannin (26.18 ± 2.63 mg/100g), thiamine (26.18± 2.36 mg/100g) and very satisfactory quantity of riboflavin or vitamin B2 (0.55 ± 0.03 mg/100g), ascorbic acid (0.71 ± 0.05 mg/100g)  has been detected in the leaves of this plant. It is fascinating to note that the phenol with lipid and the riboflavin content have displayed almost linear positive correlation with correlation coefficient of 0.999. Conclusion: It can be concluded from the present study that the leaf of C. bonplandianum possesses rich in various phytochemicals like alkaloid, total phenol, saponin, flavonoid, protein and tannin. These phytochemicals possess various bioactive properties and may be used as external therapeutic supplement. This study may lead to a new dimension regarding the medicinal value of C. bonplandianum

Comparative assessment of the antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging potential of different parts of Nerium indicum

Context: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause damage to cellular components. Antioxidant compounds scavenge or neutralize the ROS and thus have significant role in human health. Aims: The present study 70% methanol extracts of Nerium indicum leaf, stem and root were evaluated for in vitro total antioxidant, radical scavenging activity along with phenolic and flavonoid contents. Methods and Material: The extracts were examined for the scavenging activity of hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide, singlet oxygen, hypochlorous acid, superoxide, peroxynitrite, hydrogen peroxide. The extracts were also tested for their potential as an iron chelating agent, inhibition of lipid peroxidation and total reducing potential. Results: The present study indicates that the total antioxidant, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical and singlet oxygen scavenging potential is in the order of stem>root>leaf. The hydroxyl radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging and hypochlorous acid scavenging activity is in the order leaf>stem>root, whereas superoxide scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition assay is root>leaf>stem. Miscellaneous results were obtained in the scavenging of other radicals by the extracts, viz., leaf>root>stem for peroxynitrite and iron chelation activity, root>stem>leaf for reducing power and stem>leaf>root for nitric oxide inhibition. The phenolic and flavonoid content is in the following order root>stem>leaf and leaf>stem>root respectively. Conclusions: The present study revealed that the leaf, stem and root extracts of N. indicum are effective free radical scavenger and might be used as a natural source of potent antioxidant

Comparative assessment of the antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging potential of different parts of Nerium indicum

Context: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause damage to cellular components. Antioxidant compounds scavenge or neutralize the ROS and thus have significant role in human health. Aims: The present study 70% methanol extracts of Nerium indicum leaf, stem and root were evaluated for in vitro total antioxidant, radical scavenging activity along with phenolic and flavonoid contents. Methods and Material: The extracts were examined for the scavenging activity of hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide, singlet oxygen, hypochlorous acid, superoxide, peroxynitrite, hydrogen peroxide. The extracts were also tested for their potential as an iron chelating agent, inhibition of lipid peroxidation and total reducing potential. Results: The present study indicates that the total antioxidant, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical and singlet oxygen scavenging potential is in the order of stem>root>leaf. The hydroxyl radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging and hypochlorous acid scavenging activity is in the order leaf>stem>root, whereas superoxide scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition assay is root>leaf>stem. Miscellaneous results were obtained in the scavenging of other radicals by the extracts, viz., leaf>root>stem for peroxynitrite and iron chelation activity, root>stem>leaf for reducing power and stem>leaf>root for nitric oxide inhibition. The phenolic and flavonoid content is in the following order root>stem>leaf and leaf>stem>root respectively. Conclusions: The present study revealed that the leaf, stem and root extracts of N. indicum are effective free radical scavenger and might be used as a natural source of potent antioxidant

Comparative phytochemical profiling and effects of Nerium oleander extracts on the activities of murine peritoneal macrophages

Nerium oleander is a medicinal plant. Apart from its ethnopharmacological uses, pharmacognostic studies have revealed several of its bioactivities. Previously we demonstrated that the phenolic and flavonoid rich extracts of oleander leaf, stem and root possess potent antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. Moreover, the leaf extract actively modulates the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance and exerts anti-inflammatory activities on murine splenic lymphocytes. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of oleander leaf, stem and root extracts on phagocytosis and the free radical-related activities of murine peritoneal macrophages. In addition, phytochemical profiling was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results demonstrated that the increase in phagocytosis and decrease in myeloperoxidase (MPO) were in the order of leaf>root>stem. The inhibition of cell adhesion, nitric oxide (NO) and elevation of respiratory burst activity was in the order of leaf>stem>root. However, the bioactivities of the leaf extract were much high than those of the stem and root extracts. Phytochemical analysis also revealed the presence of several bioactive constituents in oleander extracts. Therefore, the present study demonstrated that oleander possesses the capacity to modulate macrophage activities and the bioactivities are attributed to the numerous phytochemicals identified in oleander extracts

Cancer-Associated Microbiota: From Mechanisms of Disease Causation to Microbiota-Centric Anti-Cancer Approaches

Helicobacter pylori infection is the only well-established bacterial cause of cancer. However, due to the integral role of tissue-resident commensals in maintaining tissue-specific immunometabolic homeostasis, accumulated evidence suggests that an imbalance of tissue-resident microbiota that are otherwise considered as commensals, can also promote various types of cancers. Therefore, the present review discusses compelling evidence linking tissue-resident microbiota (especially gut bacteria) with cancer initiation and progression. Experimental evidence supporting the cancer-causing role of gut commensal through the modulation of host-specific processes (e.g., bile acid metabolism, hormonal effects) or by direct DNA damage and toxicity has been discussed. The opportunistic role of commensal through pathoadaptive mutation and overcoming colonization resistance is discussed, and how chronic inflammation triggered by microbiota could be an intermediate in cancer-causing infections has been discussed. Finally, we discuss microbiota-centric strategies, including fecal microbiota transplantation, proven to be beneficial in preventing and treating cancers. Collectively, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of the role of tissue-resident microbiota, their cancer-promoting potentials, and how beneficial bacteria can be used against cancers

AN OVERVIEW ON DRUG-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY

Liver is a vital organ, contributing in most of the metabolic and physiological processes of our body. It plays principal role in detoxification of various drugs and xenobiotics. Though liver possess tremendous regenerative capacity, but metabolism of various chemicals severely damage the hepatic system. Drug induced hepatotoxicity (DIHT) is a major concern in this respect. The drugs we consume to treat various diseases, very often, their metabolic intermediates cause liver toxicity. The lion's share of the idiosyncratic drug reactions ultimately results either in liver transplantation or even death. DIHT is a major medical concern at present and several drugs have been withdrawn from the market due to their hepatotoxic phenotype. Therefore, considering the phenomenon of DIHT, we have documented various aspects of DIHT, also discussing about the mode of toxicity of the drugs

Metabolomic Fingerprinting of the Volatiles in Different Parts of <i>Streptocaulon sylvestre</i>

<p>The phytometabolomic fingerprinting of polar and nonpolar fractions of flower, leaf, stem, and root of <i>Streptocaulon sylvestre</i> obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were subjected to multivariate analysis. Data revealed eight discrete yet partially coinciding metabolomic profiles. Squalene and sitosterol were the most abundant. Additionally, a vast array of pharmacologically active volatiles were identified, including several phenolic compounds. High metabolomic similarity was found between leaf polar fraction and flower nonpolar fraction (0.822), while the leaf nonpolar fraction and root polar fraction demonstrated the highest dissimilarity (−0.455).</p