Prevailing Dental Fluorosis: A cross-sectional study in 12-15 year old school going children of Ambala District, Haryana, India

Introduction: As the world of dental research is approaching the peak of development in context of preventive and curative treatment options, the concern for esthetics has gained quite an importance. Dental fluorosis is the most studied causal factor resulting in discoloration of teeth.Aim: To determine the prevalence of dental fluorosis among 12-15 years old school going children in Ambala district.Methodology: this cross-sectional study was conducted on 996 school going children in the age group of 12-15 years. Clinical examination included assessment of dental fluorosis using WHO criteria (1997). The data obtained were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0 (SPSS; Chicago, IL, US)Results: Around 53.02 % of the total subjects were found to have very mild to severe fluorosis. In the present study no significant difference in the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis was found between boys and girls. Severe form of fluorosis was only seen in 3.01 % of the total participants while fluorosis grade accounting for most number of subjects was moderate form (19.48%).Conclusion: prevalence of dental fluorosis among 12-15 year old school going children in Ambala district was found to be high. Measures like finding an alternative source of drinking water for the affected blocks or a mass defluoridation of the drinking water before distribution have to be implemented

Periodontal Inflammation and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

Purpose of Review: The role of oral bacteremia and periodontal inflammation driving atherosclerosis is still under investigation. This review article highlights the role of periodontal inflammation and oral microorganisms in the development and progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Recent Findings: Association between periodontal and cardiovascular diseases has been well characterized, but causal correlation is yet to be established. For instance, untreated gingivitis can progress to periodontitis. Periodontal disease has been associated with several systemic diseases one of which is atherosclerosis. One possible association that was documented in literature is that poor oral hygiene leads to bacteremia, which in turn can cause bacterial growth over atherosclerotic coronary artery plaques and possibly worsen coronary artery disease. Summary: It is crucial that clinicians understand the association between periodontal and cardiovascular disease. A comprehensive treatment for periodontitis and re-establishment of a healthy periodontium can help in reduction of overall inflammation in the body. This may play an important role in prevention of cardiovascular disease, though future research is needed to establish this

Role of Periodontal Infection, Inflammation and Immunity in Atherosclerosis

© 2020 Elsevier Inc. Background: Inflammation plays a major role in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. The well-established relationship between periodontal disease (PD) and CVD may be causal. Left untreated, PD can lead to high systemic inflammation, thus contributing to inflammatory CVD, such as atherosclerosis. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed to elucidate the causal relationship between PD and its contribution to CVD. Objective: This review article highlights the current evidence supporting the role of PD in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Methods: After creating a list of relevant medical subject heading (MeSH) terms, a systematic search within PubMed in English for each MeSH term between 2000 and 2019 was used to generate evidence for this review article. Conclusion: There is overwhelming evidence in the current literature that supports an association between PD and CVD that is independent of known CVD risk factors. However, the supporting evidence that PD directly causes CVD in humans continues to remain elusive. Multiple biologically plausible mechanisms have been proposed and investigated, yet most studies are limited to mouse models and in vitro cell cultures. Additional studies testing the various proposed mechanisms in longitudinal human studies are required to provide deeper insight into the mechanistic link between these 2 related diseases