Cofradías de esclavos negros, morenos y mulatos libres en la Catedral de Santo Domingo, Primada de América

The evangelization of the indigenous and spiritual assistance to the colonizers and Creoles, was a priority in the conquest and colonization of the Indies. The black slave was also evangelized but with different strategies, one of them was the brotherhood, which was installed in the churches and fulfilled an essential function giving the slave participation in religious and social events. For this reason, the objective of this research is to describe the brotherhoods of blacks, brunettes and mulattos that existed in the Cathedral of Santo Domingo, its composition and religious syncretism.La evangelización del indígena y la asistencia espiritual a los colonizadores y criollos fue prioridad en la conquista y colonización, de las Indias. El esclavo negro, también fue evangelizado, pero con estrategias diferentes, siendo una de ellas las cofradías, que se instalaron en las iglesias y cumplieron una función esencial dándole participación al esclavo en eventos religiosos y sociales. Por tal motivo, el objetivo de esta investigación es describir las cofradías de negros, morenos y mulatos que existieron en la Catedral de Santo Domingo, su composición y el sincretismo religioso

Cofradías de esclavos negros, morenos y mulatos libres en la Catedral de Santo Domingo, Primada de América

The evangelization of the indigenous and spiritual assistance to the colonizers and Creoles, was a priority in the conquest and colonization of the Indies. The black slave was also evangelized but with different strategies, one of them was the brotherhood, which was installed in the churches and fulfilled an essential function giving the slave participation in religious and social events. For this reason, the objective of this research is to describe the brotherhoods of blacks, brunettes and mulattos that existed in the Cathedral of Santo Domingo, its composition and religious syncretism.La evangelización del indígena y la asistencia espiritual a los colonizadores y criollos fue prioridad en la conquista y colonización, de las Indias. El esclavo negro, también fue evangelizado, pero con estrategias diferentes, siendo una de ellas las cofradías, que se instalaron en las iglesias y cumplieron una función esencial dándole participación al esclavo en eventos religiosos y sociales. Por tal motivo, el objetivo de esta investigación es describir las cofradías de negros, morenos y mulatos que existieron en la Catedral de Santo Domingo, su composición y el sincretismo religioso

Antimicrobial management of Tropheryma whipplei endocarditis: the Spanish Collaboration on Endocarditis (GAMES) experience

OBJECTIVES: Tropheryma whipplei has been detected in 3.5% of the blood culture-negative cases of endocarditis in Spain. Experience in the management of T. whipplei endocarditis is limited. Here we report the long-term outcome of the treatment of previously reported patients who were diagnosed with infective endocarditis (IE) caused by T. whipplei from the Spanish Collaboration on Endocarditis-Grupo de Apoyo al Manejo de la Endocarditis Infecciosa en Espana (GAMES) and discuss potential options for antimicrobial therapy for IE caused by T. whipplei. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventeen patients with T. whipplei endocarditis were recruited between 2008 and 2014 in 25 Spanish hospitals. Patients were classified according to the therapeutic regimen: ceftriaxone and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, doxycycline + hydroxychloroquine and other treatment options. RESULTS: Follow-up data were obtained from 14 patients. The median follow-up was 46.5 months. All patients completed the antibiotic treatment prescribed, with a median duration of 13 months. Six patients were treated with ceftriaxone and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (median duration 13 months), four with doxycycline + hydroxychloroquine (median duration 13.8 months) and four with other treatment options (median duration 22.3 months). The follow-up after the end of the treatments was between 5 and 84 months (median 24 months). CONCLUSIONS: All treatment lines were effective and well tolerated. Therapeutic failures were not detected during the treatment. None of the patients died or experienced a relapse during the follow-up. Only six patients received antibiotic treatment in accordance with guidelines. These data suggest that shorter antimicrobial treatments could be effective