380 research outputs found
Transit Light Curves with Finite Integration Time: Fisher Information Analysis
Kepler has revolutionized the study of transiting planets with its
unprecedented photometric precision on more than 150,000 target stars. Most of
the transiting planet candidates detected by Kepler have been observed as
long-cadence targets with 30 minute integration times, and the upcoming
Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) will record full frame images with
a similar integration time. Integrations of 30 minutes affect the transit
shape, particularly for small planets and in cases of low signal-to-noise.
Using the Fisher information matrix technique, we derive analytic
approximations for the variances and covariances on the transit parameters
obtained from fitting light curve photometry collected with a finite
integration time. We find that binning the light curve can significantly
increase the uncertainties and covariances on the inferred parameters when
comparing scenarios with constant total signal-to-noise (constant total
integration time in the absence of read noise). Uncertainties on the transit
ingress/egress time increase by a factor of 34 for Earth-size planets and 3.4
for Jupiter-size planets around Sun-like stars for integration times of 30
minutes compared to instantaneously-sampled light curves. Similarly,
uncertainties on the mid-transit time for Earth and Jupiter-size planets
increase by factors of 3.9 and 1.4. Uncertainties on the transit depth are
largely unaffected by finite integration times. While correlations among the
transit depth, ingress duration, and transit duration all increase in magnitude
with longer integration times, the mid-transit time remains uncorrelated with
the other parameters. We provide code in Python and Mathematica for predicting
the variances and covariances at www.its.caltech.edu/~eprice
Isospin-violating dark matter at liquid noble detectors: new constraints, future projections, and an exploration of target complementarity
There is no known reason that dark matter interactions with the Standard
Model should couple to neutrons and protons in the same way. This isospin
violation can have large consequences, modifying the sensitivity of existing
and future direct detection experimental constraints by orders of magnitude.
Previous works in the literature have focused on the zero-momentum limit which
has its limitations when extending the analysis to the Non-Relativistic
Effective Field Theory basis (NREFT). In this paper, we study isospin violation
in a detailed manner, paying specific attention to the experimental setups of
liquid noble detectors. We analyse two effective Standard Model gauge invariant
models as interesting case studies as well as the more model-independent NREFT
operators. This work demonstrates the high degree of complementarity between
the target nuclei xenon and argon. Most notably, we show that the Standard
Model gauge-invariant formulation of the standard spin-dependent interaction
often generates a sizeable response from argon, a target nuclei with zero spin.
This work is meant as an update and a useful reference to model builders and
experimentalists.Comment: 22 pages in total, 13 figures, 1 table, 3 appendices. Data from the
main results of this paper is available at
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11826-
How Low Can You Go? The Photoeccentric Effect for Planets of Various Sizes
It is well-known that the light curve of a transiting planet contains
information about the planet's orbital period and size relative to the host
star. More recently, it has been demonstrated that a tight constraint on an
individual planet's eccentricity can sometimes be derived from the light curve
via the "photoeccentric effect," the effect of a planet's eccentricity on the
shape and duration of its light curve. This has only been studied for large
planets and high signal-to-noise scenarios, raising the question of how well it
can be measured for smaller planets or low signal-to-noise cases. We explore
the limits of the photoeccentric effect over a wide range of planet parameters.
The method hinges upon measuring directly from the light curve, where
is the ratio of the planet's speed (projected on the plane of the sky) during
transit to the speed expected for a circular orbit. We find that when the
signal-to-noise in the measurement of is , the ability to measure
eccentricity with the photoeccentric effect decreases. We develop a "rule of
thumb" that for per-point relative photometric uncertainties , the critical values of planet-star radius ratio
are for Kepler-like 30-minute
integration times. We demonstrate how to predict the best-case uncertainty in
eccentricity that can be found with the photoeccentric effect for any light
curve. This clears the path to study eccentricities of individual planets of
various sizes in the Kepler sample and future transit surveys
Characterizing the Cool KOIs. VI. H- and K-band Spectra of Kepler M Dwarf Planet-Candidate Hosts
We present H- and K-band spectra for late-type Kepler Objects of Interest
(the "Cool KOIs"): low-mass stars with transiting-planet candidates discovered
by NASA's Kepler Mission that are listed on the NASA Exoplanet Archive. We
acquired spectra of 103 Cool KOIs and used the indices and calibrations of
Rojas-Ayala et al. to determine their spectral types, stellar effective
temperatures and metallicities, significantly augmenting previously published
values. We interpolate our measured effective temperatures and metallicities
onto evolutionary isochrones to determine stellar masses, radii, luminosities
and distances, assuming the stars have settled onto the main-sequence. As a
choice of isochrones, we use a new suite of Dartmouth predictions that reliably
include mid-to-late M dwarf stars. We identify five M4V stars: KOI-961
(confirmed as Kepler 42), KOI-2704, KOI-2842, KOI-4290, and the secondary
component to visual binary KOI-1725, which we call KOI-1725 B. We also identify
a peculiar star, KOI-3497, which has a Na and Ca lines consistent with a dwarf
star but CO lines consistent with a giant. Visible-wavelength adaptive optics
imaging reveals two objects within a 1 arc second diameter; however, the
objects' colors are peculiar. The spectra and properties presented in this
paper serve as a resource for prioritizing follow-up observations and planet
validation efforts for the Cool KOIs, and are all available for download online
using the "data behind the figure" feature.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Supplement
Series (ApJS). Data and table are available in the sourc
Multidrug-resistant and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hog slaughter and processing plant workers and their community in North Carolina (USA)
Background: Use of antimicrobials in industrial food-animal production is associated with the presence of antimicrobial resistant Staphylococcus aureus among animals and humans. Hog slaughter/processing plants process large numbers of animals from industrial animal operations, and are environments conducive to the exchange of bacteria between animals and workers.
Objectives: To compare the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and multidrug resistant S. aureus(MDRSA) carriage between processing plant workers, their household members, and community residents.
Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of hog slaughter/processing plant workers, their household members, and community residents in North Carolina. Participants responded to a questionnaire and provided a nasal swab. Swabs were tested for S. aureus, and isolates tested for antimicrobial susceptibility and subjected to multilocus sequence typing.
Results: The prevalence of S. aureus was 21.6%, 30.2%, and 22.5% among 162 workers, 63 household members, and 111 community residents, respectively. The overall prevalence of MRSA and MDRSA tested by disk diffusion was 4.8% and 6.9%, respectively. The adjusted prevalence of MDRSA among workers was 1.96 times (95% CI: 0.71, 5.45) the prevalence in community residents. The adjusted average number of antimicrobial classes to which S. aureus isolates from workers were resistant was 2.54 times (95% CI: 1.16, 5.56) the number among isolates from community residents. One MRSA isolate and two MDRSA isolates from workers were identified as sequence type 398, a type associated with exposure to livestock.
Conclusions: Although the prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA was similar in hog slaughter/processing plant workers and their household and community members, S. aureus isolates from workers were resistant to a greater number of antimicrobial classes. These findings may be related to the non-therapeutic use of antimicrobials in food-animal production
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