Geometric shape of invariant manifolds for a class of stochastic partial differential equations

Invariant manifolds play an important role in the study of the qualitative dynamical behaviors for nonlinear stochastic partial differential equations. However, the geometric shape of these manifolds is largely unclear. The purpose of the present paper is to try to describe the geometric shape of invariant manifolds for a class of stochastic partial differential equations with multiplicative white noises. The local geometric shape of invariant manifolds is approximated, which holds with significant likelihood. Furthermore, the result is compared with that for the corresponding deterministic partial differential equations

Environmental assessment of humic acid coated magnetic materials used as catalyst in photo-fenton processes

Persistent organic pollutants have been increasingly detected in natural waters, and this represents a real challenge to the quality of this resource. To remove these species, advanced treatment technologies are required. Among these technologies, Fenton-like and photo-Fenton-like processes have been investigated for the removal of pollutants from water. Delicate aspects of photo-Fenton processes are that light-driven processes are energy intensive and require a fair amount of chemical inputs, which strongly affects their overall environmental burdens. At present, aside from determining the efficiency of the processes to remove pollutants of a particular technology, it becomes fundamental to assess also the environmental sustainability of the overall process. In this work, the methodology of the life cycle assessment (LCA) was applied to identify the hotspots of using magnetite particles covered with humic acid (Fe3O4/HA) as a heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalyst for water remediation. The sustainability of the overall process was considered, and a comparative LCA study was performed between H2O2 and persulfate activation at different pH. The addition of humic substances to the particles allows the effectiveness of the catalyst to improve without increasing the environmental impacts; these processes are strongly correlated with energy consumption and therefore with the efficiency of the process. For this reason, working at acidic pH allows us to contain the impacts

Metallicities of 0.3<z<1.0 Galaxies in the GOODS-North Field

We measure nebular oxygen abundances for 204 emission-line galaxies with redshifts 0.3<z<1.0 in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey North (GOODS-N) field using spectra from the Team Keck Redshift Survey (TKRS). We also provide an updated analytic prescription for estimating oxygen abundances using the traditional strong emission line ratio, R_{23}, based on the photoionization models of Kewley & Dopita (2003). We include an analytic formula for very crude metallicity estimates using the [NII]6584/Halpha ratio. Oxygen abundances for GOODS-N galaxies range from 8.2< 12+log(O/H)< 9.1 corresponding to metallicities between 0.3 and 2.5 times the solar value. This sample of galaxies exhibits a correlation between rest-frame blue luminosity and gas-phase metallicity (i.e., an L-Z relation), consistent with L-Z correlations of previously-studied intermediate-redshift samples. The zero point of the L-Z relation evolves with redshift in the sense that galaxies of a given luminosity become more metal poor at higher redshift. Galaxies in luminosity bins -18.5<M_B<-21.5 exhibit a decrease in average oxygen abundance by 0.14\pm0.05 dex from z=0 to z=1. This rate of metal enrichment means that 28\pm0.07% of metals in local galaxies have been synthesized since z=1, in reasonable agreement with the predictions based on published star formation rate densities which show that ~38% of stars in the universe have formed during the same interval. (Abridged)Comment: AASTeX, 49 pages, 16 figures, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journa

The UV Continuum of Quasars: Models and SDSS Spectral Slopes

We measure long (2200-4000 ang) and short (1450-2200 ang) wavelength spectral slopes \alpha (F_\nu proportional to \nu^\alpha) for quasar spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The long and short wavelength slopes are computed from 3646 and 2706 quasars with redshifts in the z=0.76-1.26 and z=1.67-2.07 ranges, respectively. We calculate mean slopes after binning the data by monochromatic luminosity at 2200 ang and virial mass estimates based on measurements of the MgII line width and 3000 ang continuum luminosity. We find little evidence for mass dependent variations in the mean slopes, but a significant luminosity dependent trend in the near UV spectral slopes is observed with larger (bluer) slopes at higher luminosities. The far UV slopes show no clear variation with luminosity and are generally lower (redder) than the near UV slopes at comparable luminosities, suggesting a slightly concave quasar continuum shape. We compare these results with Monte Carlo distributions of slopes computed from models of thin accretion disks, accounting for uncertainties in the mass estimates. The model slopes produce mass dependent trends which are larger than observed, though this conclusion is sensitive to the assumed uncertainties in the mass estimates. The model slopes are also generally bluer than observed, and we argue that reddening by dust intrinsic to the source or host galaxy may account for much of the discrepancy.Comment: To be published in ApJ, 18 pages, 10 figure

Effects of various meteorological conditions and spatial emissionresolutions on the ozone concentration and ROG/NO_x limitationin the Milan area (I)

The three-dimensional photochemical model UAM-V is used to investigate the effects of various meteorological conditions and of the coarseness of emission inventories on the ozone concentration and ROG/NO_x limitation of the ozone production in the Po Basin in the northern part of Italy. As a base case, the high ozone episode with up to 200ppb on 13 May 1998 was modelled and previously thoroughly evaluated with measurements gained during a large field experiment. Systematic variations in meteorology are applied to mixing height, air temperature, specific humidity and wind speed. Three coarser emission inventories are obtained by resampling from 3x3km² up to 54x54km² emission grids. The model results show that changes in meteorological input files strongly influence ozone in this area. For instance, temperature changes peak ozone by 10.1ppb/&degC and the ozone concentrations in Milan by 2.8ppb/&degC. The net ozone formation in northern Italy is more strongly temperature than humidity dependent, while the humidity is very important for the ROG/NO_x limitation of the ozone production. For all meteorological changes (e.g. doubling the mixing height), the modelled peak ozone remains ROG limited. A strong change towards NO_x sensitivity in the ROG limited areas is only found if much coarser emission inventories were applied. Increasing ROG limited areas with increasing wind speed are found, because the ROG limited ozone chemistry induced by point sources is spread over a larger area. Simulations without point sources tend to increase the NO_x limited areas

Spitzer Observations of the z=2.73 Lensed Lyman Break Galaxy, MS1512-cB58

We present Spitzer infrared (IR) photometry and spectroscopy of the lensed Lyman break galaxy (LBG), MS1512-cB58 at z=2.73. The large (factor ~30) magnification allows for the most detailed infrared study of an L*_UV(z=3) LBG to date. Broadband photometry with IRAC (3-10 micron), IRS (16 micron), and MIPS (24, 70 & 160 micron) was obtained as well as IRS spectroscopy spanning 5.5-35 microns. A fit of stellar population models to the optical/near-IR/IRAC photometry gives a young age (~9 Myr), forming stars at ~98 M_sun/yr, with a total stellar mass of ~10^9 M_sun formed thus far. The existence of an old stellar population with twice the stellar mass can not be ruled out. IR spectral energy distribution fits to the 24 and 70 micron photometry, as well as previously obtained submm/mm, data give an intrinsic IR luminosity L_IR = 1-2 x10^11 L_sun and a star formation rate, SFR ~20-40 M_sun/yr. The UV derived star formation rate (SFR) is ~3-5 times higher than the SFR determined using L_IR or L_Halpha because the red UV spectral slope is significantly over predicting the level of dust extinction. This suggests that the assumed Calzetti starburst obscuration law may not be valid for young LBGs. We detect strong line emission from Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) at 6.2, 7.7, and 8.6 microns. The line ratios are consistent with ratios observed in both local and high redshift starbursts. Both the PAH and rest-frame 8 micron luminosities predict the total L_IR based on previously measured relations in starbursts. Finally, we do not detect the 3.3 micron PAH feature. This is marginally inconsistent with some PAH emission models, but still consistent with PAH ratios measured in many local star-forming galaxies.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. aastex format, 18 pages, 7 figure

Evidence for TP-AGB stars in high redshift galaxies, and their effect on deriving stellar population parameters

We explore the effects of stellar population models on estimating star formation histories, ages and masses of high redshift galaxies. The focus is on the Thermally-Pulsing Asymptotic Giant Branch (TP-AGB) phase of stellar evolution, whose treatment is a source of major discrepancy among different evolutionary population synthesis. In particular, besides the models usually adopted in the literature, we use models (by Maraston 2005), in which the contribution of the TP-AGB phase is observationally calibrated and is the dominant source of near-IR energy for stellar populations in the age range 0.2 to 2 Gyr. We use a sample of high-z galaxies in the HUDF, with spectroscopic redshifts, and Spitzer IRAC and MIPS photometry from GOODS. We find that the TP-AGB phase plays a key role in the interpretation of Spitzer data for high-z galaxies, when the rest-frame near-IR is sampled. When fitting without dust reddening, the models with the empirically-calibrated TP-AGB phase always reproduce better the observed spectral energy distributions (SEDs). Allowing for dust reddening improves the fits with literature models in some cases. In both cases, the results from Maraston models imply younger ages by factors up to 6 and lower stellar masses (by ~60 % on average). The observed strengths of the MgUV spectral feature compare better to the predicted ones in the case of the Maraston models, implying a better overall consistency of SED fitting. Finally, we find that photometric redshifts improve significantly using these models on the SEDs extending over the IRAC bands. This work provides the first direct evidence of TP-AGB stars in the primeval Universe.Comment: 14 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables, submitted to the Astrophysical Journa