Predicting long-term independency in activities of daily living after middle cerebral artery stroke: does information from MRI have added predictive value compared with clinical information?

Contains fulltext : 49251.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To investigate whether neuroimaging information has added predictive value compared with clinical information for independency in activities of daily living (ADL) 1 year after stroke. METHODS: Seventy-five first-ever middle cerebral artery stroke survivors were evaluated in logistic regression analyses. Model 1 was derived on the basis of clinical variables; for model 2, neuroimaging variables were added to model 1. Independent variables were stroke severity (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale), consciousness (Glasgow Coma Scale), urinary continence, demographic variables (age, gender, relationship, educational level), hospital of admission, and clinical instruments: sitting balance (trunk control test), motor functioning (Motricity Index), and ADL (Barthel Index). Neuroimaging variables, determined on conventional MRI scans, included: number of days to scanning, lesion volume, lesion localization (cortex/subcortex), hemisphere, and the presence of white matter lesions. ADL independency was defined as 19 and 20 points on Barthel Index. Differences in accuracy of prediction of ADL independence between models 1 and 2 were analyzed by comparing areas under the curve (AUC) in a receiver operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS: Model 1 contained as significant predictors: age and ADL (AUC 0.84), correctly predicting 77%. In model 2, number of days to scanning, hemisphere, and lesion volume were added to model 1, increasing the AUC from 0.84 to 0.87, accurately predicting 83% of the surviving patients. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical variables in the second week after stroke are good predictors for independency in ADL 1 year after stroke. Neuroimaging variables on conventional MRI scans do not have added value in long-term prediction of ADL

Impact of internal capsule lesions on outcome of motor hand function at one year post-stroke

Objective: To investigate the association between damage to different levels of the corticofugal tract and long-term hand motor recovery. Design: Prospective cohort study. Patients: Seventy-five first-ever middle cerebral artery stroke survivors. Methods: Hand motor function was assessed with the Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment Scale at one year post-stroke. Localization of the corticofugal tract was assessed on axial magnetic resonance imaging slices using a corticofugal mask defining involvement of the motor cortex, corona radiata or internal capsule and combinations of these structures, adjusted for lesion volume. Results: Longitudinal involvement of all 3 levels of the corticofugal tract and partial involvement of the internal capsule were associated with a significant probability of poor motor hand function recovery. The probability of regaining hand function ranged from 54% if the corticofugal tract was only partly affected to 13% if both motor cortex and internal capsule were affected. Conclusion: At one year post-stroke, lesions of the internal capsule were associated with a significantly lower probability of return of isolated hand motor function than lesions of the cortex, subcortex and corona radiata. Since recovery of isolated hand and finger movements is important for regaining a functional upper limb in everyday living, these patients should be identified early post-stroke in order to evaluate specific hand function training. © 2007 The Authors. Journal Compilation © 2007 Foundation of Rehabilitation Information

The effect of cooling on muscle co-ordination in spasticity; assessment with the repetitive movement test

Purpose: Cooling muscles might produce a temporary reduction of spasticity. This study investigated muscle coordination in spasticity under the influence of cooling. Methods: A repetitive movement (RM-) test of the ankle was used, while measuring the angle and surface-electromyography (EMG) of the m. tibialis anterior and m. triceps surae. Ensemble averaging provided quantified measures of muscle activation. Sixteen patients with spasticity in their lower extremity due to stroke or spinal cord injury participated in the study. Physical examination and the RM-test was done before and after cooling the m. triceps surae for 20 minutes by coldpacks. Results: The results show that Achilles hyperreflexia and clonus were abolished in all, and all but one patient, respectively. The EMG of the m. triceps surae. acting as a prime mover, was increased (p = 0.028). However, this improved muscle coordination resulted in just a slightly increased active range of motion (less than 2 degrees at p = 0.049). Conclusion: Apparently, the increase in excitability of the alpha motoneuron pool in voluntary movements of patients with spasticity is not followed by an improvement in the ability to move

Ischemic lesion volume correlates with long-term functional outcome and quality of life of middle cerebral artery stroke survivors

PURPOSE: Previous studies investigating relationships between stroke lesion volume and outcome were restricted to short follow-up periods (3-6 months) and outcome measures of stroke severity and activities only, whereas functional improvement has been found to extend far beyond six months. Therefore, this study investigated relationships between infarct volume and a broad range of outcomes of stroke survivors at a long follow-up period. METHODS: Correlations between lesion volumes (determined by conventional MRI scans in the second week post-stroke) and outcomes after one year of 75 first-ever ischemic stroke survivors were investigated. RESULTS: Moderate Spearman Rank correlation coefficients were found between lesion volume and motor impairment (Motricity Index (MI): -0.43, p <0.01; Fugl Meyer Motor Assessment Scale (FM): -0.43; p <0.01). Correlation coefficients with activities of daily living were moderate but low associated with Barthel Index (r(s) = 0.30; p <0.01), modified Rankin Scale (r(s) = 0.39; p <0.01) and Frenchay Activities Index (r(s) = -0.35; p <0.01). Lesion volume had a significant but low association (r(s) = 0.27; p = 0.02) with patient's health status measured with Sickness Impact Profile 68 (SIP68)) and a moderate correlation with well-being assessed with Life Satisfaction Questionnaire (LSQ; r(s) = -0.45; p <0.01). Found correlation coefficients were slightly stronger after correction for mixed (cortical/subcortical) and purely subcortical lesion location. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that infarct volume moderately correlates with long-term motor impairment, functional outcome and quality of life of patients surviving strok

Educational career and predictors of type of education in young adults with spina bifida.

Item does not contain fulltextChildren with spina bifida (SB) often require special education. To date, little information is available about the educational career of these children. This study focuses on educational career and predictors of attending special education of young adults with SB, using a cross-sectional study including 178 young Dutch adults with SB aged from 16-25. The main outcome was attending regular versus special education. For searching predictive power we selected age, gender, type of SB, level of lesion, hydrocephalus (HC), number of surgical interventions, ambulation, continence and cognitive functioning. Chi-square tests and binary logistic regression were used in the data analysis. Participants with HC attended special primary education more often (59%) than participants without HC (17%). For those participants with HC, the necessity of special primary education was associated with below average intelligence (75% versus 35%), wheelchair dependence (82% versus 39%) and surgical interventions (74% versus 44%). Only half of the participants with HC followed regular secondary education, whereas for participants with SB without HC, the outcome in secondary education was similar to that of the general population (92%). Intelligence was the main predictor of attending special secondary education (odds 5.1:1), but HC (odds 4.3:1) and wheelchair dependence (odds 2.6:1) were also a significant. Other variables were not significant predictors of special secondary education