Morphodynamik des Kiesstrandes Ploče bei starkem Schirokko

Izvorište Jadro u Solinu koristi se za opskrbu vodom za ljudsku potrošnju gradove Split, Solin, Kaštela i Trogir, te općine Podstrana, Klis, Seget i Okrug. Povremeno, s pojavom obilnijih padalina, dolazi do zamućenja izvorišta, te voda nije sukladna zakonskim propisima kao voda za konzumaciju. Kao prijedlog rješavanja problema povremenog zamućenja izvorišta predlaže se višeslojni filtracijski medij koji se sastoji od kvarcnog pijeska i antracita. Takav sustav uspješno uklanja zamućenja od 45 NTU na manje od 4 NTU, što zadovoljava sadašnje zakonske propise. Dodatkom koagulanta, FeCl3, smanjio se sadržaj suspendiranih tvari, odnosno mutnoće što je značajno smanjilo potrošak klora u vodi te time stvorilo bolje uvjete za dezinfekciju vode. Dezinfekcije vode i potrošnja klora u vodi je ispitana dodatkom natrijevog hipoklorita sa i bez UV post-tretmana vode. Kod sustava s post-tretmanom vode UV zračenjem dolazi do značajnog smanjenja utroška hipoklorita kao dezinficijensa. Otpadna voda nastala procesom filtracije veoma jednostavno obrađuje se procesima koagulacije i flokulacije te taloženjem. Rezultati ispitivanja i konačni prijedlog rješenja povremenog zamućenja vode s izvorišta Jadro se iznosi u ovom radu.The Jadro source in Solin is used for the supply of water for human consumption to the cities of Split, Solin, Kaštela and Trogir, including the municipalities of Podstrana, Klis, Seget and Okrug. Occasionally, the appearance of abundant precipitation causes the turbidity of the source, resulting in the water that is incompliant with the regulations related to water for consumption. A multilayer filtration medium consisting of quartz sand and anthracite is proposed as a solution to the problem of occasional turbidity of the source. Such system successfully removes the turbidity of 45 NTU to less than 4 NTUs, which complies with the current legislation. The addition of the coagulant, FeCl3, reduced the content of suspended solids i.e. turbidity and significantly reduced the use of chlorine use in the water, thus creating better conditions for water disinfection. Water disinfection and chlorine use in water were examined by the addition of sodium hypochlorite, with and without the UV post-treatment of water. In systems with post-treatment of water with UV radiation, there is a significant reduction in the use of hypochlorite as a disinfectant. The wastewater generated by the filtration process is very easily treated using coagulation and flocculation processes and settling. The paper presents the research results and the final proposal for the solution of occasional water turbidity in the Jadro source.Eine Analyse der Morphodynamik des künstlich angelegten Kiesstrandes Ploče in Rijeka ist durchgeführt worden. Anfänglich wurden numerische Simulationen von Wellendeformationen und Feststofftransport eingesetzt für die hypothetischen Situationen von Wellen mit Inzidenzrichtungen SSE (157.50), S (1800), SSW (202.50) und SW (2250), mit der Variation von großen Wellenhöhen (HS = 1 m, 1,5 m und 2 m) und entsprechenden Spitzenwellenperioden. Die Parametrisierung des numerischen Modells beruht auf den Ergebnissen des empirischen Modells des Feststofftransports des Kieses entlang der Küste sowie auf den Ergebnissen von Laboruntersuchungen für die Breitenkomponente des Kiestransportes. Danach wurde die numerische Simulation der Morphodynamik einer Situation mit starkem Schirokko (am 6.3.2020) eingesetzt unter Anwendung von realen Wellenbedingungen, die auf der Wellenmessstation in der unmittelbarer Nähe des Strandes Ploče aufgenommen wurden sowie unter Anwendung der Dynamik der Meeresspiegel, die auf der mareographischen Station Bakar erfasst wurde. Die Simulationsergebnisse für die realen Umweltbedingungen wurden durch Vergleich von Positionen und Mengen an erodiertem/akkumuliertem Material entlang des Strandes mit der Bearbeitung der Geländeaufnahme in Form einer Punktwolke verifiziert. Die auf Grund von den Aufnahmen erfassten Gesamtvolumina von erodiertem und akkumuliertem Kies stehen im Einklang mit den Modellwerten

Validacija ICP-MS metode za određivanje metala u tragovima prema ICH Q3D smjernicama u fosamprenavir kalciju

Fosamprenavir calcium is an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in which trace elements must be monitored by ICH Q3D Guideline. It delivers appropriate method to ensure the quality of the product and its safe use. Elemental impurities in API are separated in three classes based on their toxicity and probability of their occurrence in the product. ICP-MS has proven to be a suitable technique with the appropriate sample preparation method. Due to the presence of oxidising agents in the sample preparation, determination of osmium is problematic. In the presence of oxidising nitric acid, a highly volatile and toxic osmium tetraoxide is formed. Due to its high volatility, the recovery of osmium has reached the value of 287 %, which exceeds recovery limit (70–150 %). However, osmium can be stabilised by complexation with thiourea in the hydrochloric acid solution (recovery = 87 %). In that way, the loss of osmium is reduced and good results are achieved in terms of usability, accuracy, and precision. A method with addition of thiourea has been successfully validated through main validation parameters: linearity, quantitation limit, selectivity, accuracy, precision (which included repeatability and intralaboratory reproducibility), and robustness. Each of these validation parameters met the acceptance criteria, and therefore it was concluded that the method is suitable for the determination of trace elements in fosamprenavir calcium by ICP-MS. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.Fosamprenavir kalcij je aktivna farmaceutska tvar (API) u kojoj se elementi u tragovima moraju nadzirati prema ICH Q3D smjernicama. ICH Q3D smjernice donose odgovarajuću metodu za osiguravanje kvalitete proizvoda i njegove sigurne uporabe. Elementarne nečistoće u API-ju razdvajaju se u tri razreda na temelju njihove toksičnosti i vjerojatnosti da se pojave u proizvodu. ICP-MS se pokazala kao prikladna tehnika ako se primijeni odgovarajuća metoda pripreme uzoraka. Zbog prisutnosti oksidirajućih sredstava u pripremi uzoraka problem se javlja kod određivanja osmija. Osmij u prisutnosti oksidirajuće dušične kiseline daje visoko hlapljiv i toksičan osmij tetraoksid. Zbog visoke hlapljivosti, iskorištenje osmija iznosi 287 %, što premašuje zadanu granicu iskorištenja (70 – 150 %). Međutim, osmij se može stabilizirati kompleksiranjem s tioureom u otopini klorovodične kiseline (povrat od 87 %). Na taj se način smanjuje njegov gubitak, a postižu se dobri rezultati u pogledu točnosti, preciznosti i robusnosti metode. Ovo djelo je dano na korištenje pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 međunarodna

Chromatographic analysis of psychoactive substances

Psihoaktivne tvari su spojevi koji konzumacijom utječu na djelovanje centralnog živčanog sustava, ilegalne su, odnosno njihovo posjedovanje i konzumacija su zakonom zabranjeni (uz iznimke). Svrha provođenja analiza nad takvim supstancama je dokazivanje odnosno opovrgavanje postojanja psihoaktivnih komponenti u uzorcima zbog provođenja zakona, ili zbog dokazivanja mogućih toksikoloških trovanja organizma. Kromatografske tehnike su vrlo široko primjenjivane tehnike analize tvari. Omogućavaju separaciju tvari na temelju različitih brzina kretanja komponenti kroz sustav pokretne i nepokretne faze. Različite kromatografske tehnike imaju različita obilježja. U kombinaciji s raznim detektorima, kromatografijom se omogućava kvalitativna i kvantitativna analiza iznimno širokog spektra uzoraka. Upotreba kromatografskih metoda u analizi psihoaktivnih komponenti često se primjenjuje zbog jednostavnosti, brzine i relativno niske cijene te pokazuje izvrsne rezultate. Najveći uspjeh ostvaruje se zadovoljavajućom analizom uzoraka nepoznatog sastava koji se najčešće i pojavljuju prilikom analize droga. U ovom radu će biti dan pregled najčešćih droga (psihoaktivnih tvari) i kromatografskih tehnika upotrebljavanih za njihovu analizu.Psychoactive substances are compounds which affect function of central nervous system after consumption. They are illegal and their possession and consumption are prohibited by law (with minor exceptions). The analyses of such substances are performed in order to prove or suppress the existence of psychoactive components in samples or to prove possible toxicological poisoning of the organism. Chromatographic techniques are very widely applied analytical techniques. They allow separation of matter based on different components-movement through the stationary phase. Different types of chromatography have different characteristics. In combination with various detectors, the chromatography allows qualitative and quantitative description of the sample, making chromatography suitable for analysis of a wide range of analytical samples. The use of chromatographic methods in the analysis of psychoactive components is often applied due to simplicity, speed and relatively low analysis-cost; yet at the same time it provides excellent results. Also, chromatography can analyse samples of unknown composition that are most commonly found in drug analysis. This paper provides a review of the most common drugs (psychoactive substances) and chromatographic techniques used for their analysis

Chromatographic analysis of psychoactive substances

Psihoaktivne tvari su spojevi koji konzumacijom utječu na djelovanje centralnog živčanog sustava, ilegalne su, odnosno njihovo posjedovanje i konzumacija su zakonom zabranjeni (uz iznimke). Svrha provođenja analiza nad takvim supstancama je dokazivanje odnosno opovrgavanje postojanja psihoaktivnih komponenti u uzorcima zbog provođenja zakona, ili zbog dokazivanja mogućih toksikoloških trovanja organizma. Kromatografske tehnike su vrlo široko primjenjivane tehnike analize tvari. Omogućavaju separaciju tvari na temelju različitih brzina kretanja komponenti kroz sustav pokretne i nepokretne faze. Različite kromatografske tehnike imaju različita obilježja. U kombinaciji s raznim detektorima, kromatografijom se omogućava kvalitativna i kvantitativna analiza iznimno širokog spektra uzoraka. Upotreba kromatografskih metoda u analizi psihoaktivnih komponenti često se primjenjuje zbog jednostavnosti, brzine i relativno niske cijene te pokazuje izvrsne rezultate. Najveći uspjeh ostvaruje se zadovoljavajućom analizom uzoraka nepoznatog sastava koji se najčešće i pojavljuju prilikom analize droga. U ovom radu će biti dan pregled najčešćih droga (psihoaktivnih tvari) i kromatografskih tehnika upotrebljavanih za njihovu analizu.Psychoactive substances are compounds which affect function of central nervous system after consumption. They are illegal and their possession and consumption are prohibited by law (with minor exceptions). The analyses of such substances are performed in order to prove or suppress the existence of psychoactive components in samples or to prove possible toxicological poisoning of the organism. Chromatographic techniques are very widely applied analytical techniques. They allow separation of matter based on different components-movement through the stationary phase. Different types of chromatography have different characteristics. In combination with various detectors, the chromatography allows qualitative and quantitative description of the sample, making chromatography suitable for analysis of a wide range of analytical samples. The use of chromatographic methods in the analysis of psychoactive components is often applied due to simplicity, speed and relatively low analysis-cost; yet at the same time it provides excellent results. Also, chromatography can analyse samples of unknown composition that are most commonly found in drug analysis. This paper provides a review of the most common drugs (psychoactive substances) and chromatographic techniques used for their analysis

Optimization of water disinfection treatment in water-supply network

Kako bi voda za piće bila odgovarajuće kvalitete, te zdravstvene ispravnosti, potrebno ju je obraditi u postrojenjima za obradu vode. Kao završni korak obrade slijedi dezinfekcija vode, čiji je primarni cilj uklanjanje patogenih mikroorganizama. U ovom su radu ispitivana tri tipa vode: bunarska, površinska te krška površinska voda. Uzorci su realni, uzimani u postrojenjima na području Republike Hrvatske, no detaljnije podatke o području uzorkovanja i o samim postrojenjima za obradu vode nije moguće otkriti zbog poslovne tajne. Osnovne fizikalno-kemijske karakteristike određene su za svaki uzorak vode. Dezinfekcija vode provodila se upotrebom natrijevog hipoklorita (NaOCl), te je promatrana kinetika potrošnje slobodnog klora. Tijekom 120 minuta spektrofotometrijski je praćena je rezidualna koncentracija (ostatak) slobodnog klora. Cilj mjerenja bio je optimirati doziranje natrijevog hipoklorita kako bi završna koncentracija rezidualnog slobodnog klora nakon 120 minuta ostala unutar zakonom propisanih granica (≤0,5 ppm). Praćena je i promjena koncentracije klorita (ClO2-) i klorata (ClO3-) kao nusprodukata dezinfekcije vode natrijevim hipokloritom. Provedenim ispitivanjima određene su sljedeće optimalne koncentracije natrijevog hipoklorita: 1,5 ppm za bunarsku, 1,0 ppm za površinsku, te 0,5 ppm za kršku površinsku vodu. Nadalje, NaOCl se pokazao kao dobar dezinficijens budući da nusprodukti kloriti nisu utvrđeni niti u jednom uzorku navedenih voda, a klorati su prisutni unutar zakonskih granica u svim vodama. Dezinfekcija vode za piće je izrazito važna zbog kontroliranja i suzbijanja bolesti koje se mogu prenijeti vodom. Potrebno je dalje istraživati i razvijati procese za obradu i dezinfekciju pitke vode kako bi oni postali što ekonomičniji uz što manji nastanak neželjenih dezinfekcijskih nusprodukata.In order to assure high quality of the used water, especially high medical quality, water must be treated. The final step of water-treatment in related treatment plants is disinfection. The primary goal of disinfection is the elimination of pathogenic microorganisms. In this work, three water types were examined: groundwater, common surface water and karstic surface water. Sampling area was Republic of Croatia, but more precise information about sampling locations is confidential and will remain unrevealed. Basic physical-chemical properties for every water sample were determined. Water disinfection was performed with sodium hypochlorite, and kinetics of free chlorine consumption was monitored. Free chlorine residual was monitored spectrophotometrically during 120 minutes. The intention was to optimize dosage of sodium hypochlorite in order to hold free chlorine residual below regulation limits (≤0.5 ppm). Concentrations of disinfection byproducts: chlorite (ClO2-) and chlorate (ClO3-), were monitored as well. Determined optimal concentrations of sodium hypochlorite were: 1.5 ppm for groundwater, 1.0 ppm for common surface water, and 0.5 ppm for karstic surface water. Furthermore, NaOCl proved to be good disinfection agent since no chlorite byproducts were determined in samples and chlorates were below the regulation limits. Disinfection of drinking water is very important for control and inhibition of waterborne diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to continue with researching and developing of water treatment and disinfection processes in order to make them more efficient and more economical

Optimization of water disinfection treatment in water-supply network

Kako bi voda za piće bila odgovarajuće kvalitete, te zdravstvene ispravnosti, potrebno ju je obraditi u postrojenjima za obradu vode. Kao završni korak obrade slijedi dezinfekcija vode, čiji je primarni cilj uklanjanje patogenih mikroorganizama. U ovom su radu ispitivana tri tipa vode: bunarska, površinska te krška površinska voda. Uzorci su realni, uzimani u postrojenjima na području Republike Hrvatske, no detaljnije podatke o području uzorkovanja i o samim postrojenjima za obradu vode nije moguće otkriti zbog poslovne tajne. Osnovne fizikalno-kemijske karakteristike određene su za svaki uzorak vode. Dezinfekcija vode provodila se upotrebom natrijevog hipoklorita (NaOCl), te je promatrana kinetika potrošnje slobodnog klora. Tijekom 120 minuta spektrofotometrijski je praćena je rezidualna koncentracija (ostatak) slobodnog klora. Cilj mjerenja bio je optimirati doziranje natrijevog hipoklorita kako bi završna koncentracija rezidualnog slobodnog klora nakon 120 minuta ostala unutar zakonom propisanih granica (≤0,5 ppm). Praćena je i promjena koncentracije klorita (ClO2-) i klorata (ClO3-) kao nusprodukata dezinfekcije vode natrijevim hipokloritom. Provedenim ispitivanjima određene su sljedeće optimalne koncentracije natrijevog hipoklorita: 1,5 ppm za bunarsku, 1,0 ppm za površinsku, te 0,5 ppm za kršku površinsku vodu. Nadalje, NaOCl se pokazao kao dobar dezinficijens budući da nusprodukti kloriti nisu utvrđeni niti u jednom uzorku navedenih voda, a klorati su prisutni unutar zakonskih granica u svim vodama. Dezinfekcija vode za piće je izrazito važna zbog kontroliranja i suzbijanja bolesti koje se mogu prenijeti vodom. Potrebno je dalje istraživati i razvijati procese za obradu i dezinfekciju pitke vode kako bi oni postali što ekonomičniji uz što manji nastanak neželjenih dezinfekcijskih nusprodukata.In order to assure high quality of the used water, especially high medical quality, water must be treated. The final step of water-treatment in related treatment plants is disinfection. The primary goal of disinfection is the elimination of pathogenic microorganisms. In this work, three water types were examined: groundwater, common surface water and karstic surface water. Sampling area was Republic of Croatia, but more precise information about sampling locations is confidential and will remain unrevealed. Basic physical-chemical properties for every water sample were determined. Water disinfection was performed with sodium hypochlorite, and kinetics of free chlorine consumption was monitored. Free chlorine residual was monitored spectrophotometrically during 120 minutes. The intention was to optimize dosage of sodium hypochlorite in order to hold free chlorine residual below regulation limits (≤0.5 ppm). Concentrations of disinfection byproducts: chlorite (ClO2-) and chlorate (ClO3-), were monitored as well. Determined optimal concentrations of sodium hypochlorite were: 1.5 ppm for groundwater, 1.0 ppm for common surface water, and 0.5 ppm for karstic surface water. Furthermore, NaOCl proved to be good disinfection agent since no chlorite byproducts were determined in samples and chlorates were below the regulation limits. Disinfection of drinking water is very important for control and inhibition of waterborne diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to continue with researching and developing of water treatment and disinfection processes in order to make them more efficient and more economical

Chromatographic analysis of psychoactive substances

Psihoaktivne tvari su spojevi koji konzumacijom utječu na djelovanje centralnog živčanog sustava, ilegalne su, odnosno njihovo posjedovanje i konzumacija su zakonom zabranjeni (uz iznimke). Svrha provođenja analiza nad takvim supstancama je dokazivanje odnosno opovrgavanje postojanja psihoaktivnih komponenti u uzorcima zbog provođenja zakona, ili zbog dokazivanja mogućih toksikoloških trovanja organizma. Kromatografske tehnike su vrlo široko primjenjivane tehnike analize tvari. Omogućavaju separaciju tvari na temelju različitih brzina kretanja komponenti kroz sustav pokretne i nepokretne faze. Različite kromatografske tehnike imaju različita obilježja. U kombinaciji s raznim detektorima, kromatografijom se omogućava kvalitativna i kvantitativna analiza iznimno širokog spektra uzoraka. Upotreba kromatografskih metoda u analizi psihoaktivnih komponenti često se primjenjuje zbog jednostavnosti, brzine i relativno niske cijene te pokazuje izvrsne rezultate. Najveći uspjeh ostvaruje se zadovoljavajućom analizom uzoraka nepoznatog sastava koji se najčešće i pojavljuju prilikom analize droga. U ovom radu će biti dan pregled najčešćih droga (psihoaktivnih tvari) i kromatografskih tehnika upotrebljavanih za njihovu analizu.Psychoactive substances are compounds which affect function of central nervous system after consumption. They are illegal and their possession and consumption are prohibited by law (with minor exceptions). The analyses of such substances are performed in order to prove or suppress the existence of psychoactive components in samples or to prove possible toxicological poisoning of the organism. Chromatographic techniques are very widely applied analytical techniques. They allow separation of matter based on different components-movement through the stationary phase. Different types of chromatography have different characteristics. In combination with various detectors, the chromatography allows qualitative and quantitative description of the sample, making chromatography suitable for analysis of a wide range of analytical samples. The use of chromatographic methods in the analysis of psychoactive components is often applied due to simplicity, speed and relatively low analysis-cost; yet at the same time it provides excellent results. Also, chromatography can analyse samples of unknown composition that are most commonly found in drug analysis. This paper provides a review of the most common drugs (psychoactive substances) and chromatographic techniques used for their analysis

Optimization of water disinfection treatment in water-supply network

Kako bi voda za piće bila odgovarajuće kvalitete, te zdravstvene ispravnosti, potrebno ju je obraditi u postrojenjima za obradu vode. Kao završni korak obrade slijedi dezinfekcija vode, čiji je primarni cilj uklanjanje patogenih mikroorganizama. U ovom su radu ispitivana tri tipa vode: bunarska, površinska te krška površinska voda. Uzorci su realni, uzimani u postrojenjima na području Republike Hrvatske, no detaljnije podatke o području uzorkovanja i o samim postrojenjima za obradu vode nije moguće otkriti zbog poslovne tajne. Osnovne fizikalno-kemijske karakteristike određene su za svaki uzorak vode. Dezinfekcija vode provodila se upotrebom natrijevog hipoklorita (NaOCl), te je promatrana kinetika potrošnje slobodnog klora. Tijekom 120 minuta spektrofotometrijski je praćena je rezidualna koncentracija (ostatak) slobodnog klora. Cilj mjerenja bio je optimirati doziranje natrijevog hipoklorita kako bi završna koncentracija rezidualnog slobodnog klora nakon 120 minuta ostala unutar zakonom propisanih granica (≤0,5 ppm). Praćena je i promjena koncentracije klorita (ClO2-) i klorata (ClO3-) kao nusprodukata dezinfekcije vode natrijevim hipokloritom. Provedenim ispitivanjima određene su sljedeće optimalne koncentracije natrijevog hipoklorita: 1,5 ppm za bunarsku, 1,0 ppm za površinsku, te 0,5 ppm za kršku površinsku vodu. Nadalje, NaOCl se pokazao kao dobar dezinficijens budući da nusprodukti kloriti nisu utvrđeni niti u jednom uzorku navedenih voda, a klorati su prisutni unutar zakonskih granica u svim vodama. Dezinfekcija vode za piće je izrazito važna zbog kontroliranja i suzbijanja bolesti koje se mogu prenijeti vodom. Potrebno je dalje istraživati i razvijati procese za obradu i dezinfekciju pitke vode kako bi oni postali što ekonomičniji uz što manji nastanak neželjenih dezinfekcijskih nusprodukata.In order to assure high quality of the used water, especially high medical quality, water must be treated. The final step of water-treatment in related treatment plants is disinfection. The primary goal of disinfection is the elimination of pathogenic microorganisms. In this work, three water types were examined: groundwater, common surface water and karstic surface water. Sampling area was Republic of Croatia, but more precise information about sampling locations is confidential and will remain unrevealed. Basic physical-chemical properties for every water sample were determined. Water disinfection was performed with sodium hypochlorite, and kinetics of free chlorine consumption was monitored. Free chlorine residual was monitored spectrophotometrically during 120 minutes. The intention was to optimize dosage of sodium hypochlorite in order to hold free chlorine residual below regulation limits (≤0.5 ppm). Concentrations of disinfection byproducts: chlorite (ClO2-) and chlorate (ClO3-), were monitored as well. Determined optimal concentrations of sodium hypochlorite were: 1.5 ppm for groundwater, 1.0 ppm for common surface water, and 0.5 ppm for karstic surface water. Furthermore, NaOCl proved to be good disinfection agent since no chlorite byproducts were determined in samples and chlorates were below the regulation limits. Disinfection of drinking water is very important for control and inhibition of waterborne diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to continue with researching and developing of water treatment and disinfection processes in order to make them more efficient and more economical