Low temperatures reduce skin healing in the Jacaré do Pantanal (Caiman yacare, Daudin 1802)

Studies of skin wound healing in crocodilians are necessary given the frequent occurrence of cannibalism in intensive farming systems. Air temperature affects tissue recovery because crocodilians are ectothermic. Therefore, the kinetics of skin wound healing in Caiman yacare were examined at temperatures of 33°C and 23°C. Sixteen caiman were selected and divided into two groups of eight maintained at 23°C or 33°C. The studied individuals' scars were photographed after 1, 2, 3, 7, 15 and 30 days of the experimental conditions, and samples were collected for histological processing after 3, 7, 15 and 30 days. Macroscopically, the blood clot (heterophilic granuloma) noticeably remained in place covering the wound longer for the caiman kept at 23°C. Microscopically, the temperature of 23°C slowed epidermal migration and skin repair. Comparatively, new blood vessels, labeled using von Willebrand factor (vWF) antibody staining, were more frequently found in the scars of the 33°C group. The collagen fibers in the dermis were denser in the 33°C treatment. Considering the delayed healing at 23°C, producers are recommended to keep wounded animals at 33°C, especially when tanks are cold, to enable rapid wound closure and better repair of collagen fibers because such lesions tend to compromise the use of their skin as leather.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Mato Grosso (FAPEMAT), 715823/2008São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), 2010/04527-

RESPOSTA IMUNE INESPECÍFICA DE ANIMAIS ECTOTÉRMICOS ANTÁRTICOS SOB TEMPERATURAS POLARES

This review presents data on nonspecific immune system of Antarctic metazoans poekiloterms. The phagocytosis, inflammation and wound repair were analysed in Antarctic animals, the big head fish (Notothenia coriiceps = N. neglecta), Antarctic starfish (Odontaster validus) and in Antarctic sea urchin (Sterechinus neumayeri).Esta revisão tem por objetivo apresentar os dados sobre a imunidade inespecífica de metazoários pecilotérmicos antárticos obtidos por nosso grupo de pesquisa com animais antárticos. Trataremos em particular dos processos de fagocitose, inflamação e cicatrização em peixes antárticos popularmente chamados “cabeçudas” (Notothenia coriiceps = N. neglecta), em estrelas-do-mar antárticas (Odontaster validus) e em ouriços-do-mar antárticos (Sterechinus neumayeri)

Influence of temperature on the wound healing of the integument of the jacaré-do-pantanal Caiman yacare (Daudin, 1801).

Os crocodilianos são animais ectotermos passíveis de cultivo, na zootecnia, onde ocorrem diversas mutilações de apêndices inteiros, ou mesmo a formação de feridas. Nesse sentido, há a necessidade de compreender como a temperatura interfere nas respostas de restituição tecidual desses organismos. Os Caiman yacare foram submetidos à retirada cirúrgica de um osteodermo e mantidos sob 23 ºC e 33 ºC, 8 jacarés em cada temperatura. Posteriormente, os jacarés tinham suas lesões fotografadas para análise macroscópica. Amostras foram fixadas processadas e coradas para histoquímica e imunohistoquímica. Macroscopicamente foi observada a manutenção do coágulo até 30 dias sob 23 ºC, enquanto a cicatriz já estava reepitelizada sob 33 ºC. Microscopicamente foi observado o atraso da migração da epiderme, escassez de fibras e de novos vasos na derme sob 23 ºC. Nesse sentido, recomendamos o isolamento dos animais mutilados em um tanque com controle de temperatura para agilizar o fechamento epidérmico.Crocodilians are ectothermic animals capable of to be farming, where there are multiple appendages mutilation or even the formation of wounds. In this sense, becomes necessary to understand how temperature affects the responses of tissue restitution of these organisms. The Caiman yacare had an osteoderm surgically removed and the caimans were kept at 23 º C and 33 º C, 8 caimans at each temperature. Subsequently, the caimans had their injuries photographed for macroscopic analysis. Samples were fixed and processed for histochemistry and immunohistochemistry staining. Macroscopically the clot were maintained until 30 days at 23 ° C, while the scar was already re-epithelized at 33 º C. Microscopically, were observed the delayed migration of epidermis, diminishing of fibers and new vessels in dermis at 23 ° C. Accordingly, we recommend the isolation of animals mutilated in a tank with temperature control to accelerate the epidermal closure

Lipidic and proteic absorption in digestive tract of tropical fat snook (Centropomus parallelus, POEY 1860)

The tropical fat snook Centropomus parallelus is a species of recognized ecological importance and with a high economical potential for fisheries and aquaculture. The investigations of digestive tube morphology in association with their feeding abilities are fundamental to improve techniques for aquaculture feeding procedures. Sudan black staining and Perl`s method were used to evaluate their absorption capacity of fat and protein respectively. The Sudan black stain was performed 12 h after the ingestion of lipids. The lipids are intensely absorbed in the ceca epithelium and less intensely in the intestine and rectum. The Perl`s method was performed 12 h after the ingestion of ferritin. The proteins are absorbed only in the rectum. This is the first description of fat and protein absorption ability by the digestive tube of fat snook. These data enhance the possibility of the addition of macromolecules in rations that can show a diversity of physiological effects. The histological implications of each segment of the digestive tube in association with fish biology are further discussed. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas - FMUFaculdades Metropolitanas Unidas - FM

AVALIAÇÃO DE BIOMARCADORES HISTOLÓGICOS EM PEIXES COLETADOS A MONTANTE E A JUSANTE DA MANCHA URBANA

O uso da ferramenta histológica permite aferir os efeitos de poluentes orgânicos e inorgânicos, além de outros estressores sobre peixes. Nesse sentido, foram observadas as estruturas histológicas em brânquias e fígado de peixes do Rio Paraguai. Para tanto foram coletados um total de 34 peixes sendo sete Pygocentrus nattereri e nove Serrasalmus marginatus a jusante, e 18 Serrasalmus marginatus a montante da mancha urbana da cidade de Cáceres. A histologia do fígado e brânquias foifoi satisfatória nas amostras fixadas em McDowell e inclusas em historresina. Dentre as alterações encontradas nas brânquias destacam-se a presença de rodlet cells; o espessamento do epitélio da lamela primária; a fusão parcial das lamelas secundárias e a presença de estruturas amorfas encapsuladas por tecido conjuntivo. No fígado observam-se o esvaziamento do citoplasma dos hepatócitos, a presença de vacúolos redondos bem delimitados, as dilatações sinusoidais, a infiltração leucocitária, a perda do contorno celular ou dos nuclear e também a presença de material amorfo encapsulado por tecido fibroso. Após a análise de revisão da literatura, vale destacar que, as principais alterações visualizadas em brânquias em condições de contaminação são: o aumento, fusão lamelar, aneurisma, hiperplasia e perda morfológica dos detalhes teciduais; no fígado são: aumento da vacuolização, perda dos detalhes morfológicos teciduais, infiltração leucocitária, freqüência dos centro melanomacrófagos e hiperplasia. Palavras-chave: brânquias, estressores, fígado, histologia, poluente

Cellular biomarkers to elucidate global warming effects on Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri

Global warming is a reality and its effects have been widely studied. However, the consequences for marine invertebrates remain poorly understood. Thus, the present study proposed to evaluate the effect of elevated temperature on the innate immune system of Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri. Sea urchins were collected nearby Brazilian Antarctic Station ‘‘Comandante Ferraz’’ and exposed to 0 (control), 2 and 4C for periods of 48 h, 2, 7 and 14 days. After the experimental periods, coelomic fluid was collected in order to perform the following analyses: coelomocytes differential counting, phagocytic response, adhesion and spreading coelomocytes assay, intranuclear iron crystalloid and ultra structural analysis of coelomocytes. The red sphere cell was considered a biomarker for heat stress, as they increased in acute stress. Besides that, a significant increase in phagocytic indexes was observed at 2C coinciding with a significant increase of intranuclear iron crystalloid at the same temperature and same time period. Furthermore, significant alterations in cell adhesion and spreading were observed in elevated temperatures. The ultra structural analysis of coelomocytes showed no significant difference across treatments. This was the first time that innate immune response alterations were observed in response to elevated temperature in a Polar echinoid