11,483 research outputs found
Liquid compressibility effects during the collapse of a single cavitating bubble
The effect of liquid compressibility on the dynamics of a single, spherical cavitating bubble is studied.
While it is known that compressibility damps the amplitude of bubble rebounds, the extent to which
this effect is accurately captured by weakly compressible versions of the Rayleigh–Plesset equation is
unclear. To clarify this issue, partial differential equations governing conservation of mass, momentum,
and energy are numerically solved both inside the bubble and in the surrounding compressible
liquid. Radiated pressure waves originating at the unsteady bubble interface are directly captured.
Results obtained with Rayleigh–Plesset type equations accounting for compressibility effects, proposed
by Keller and Miksis [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 68, 628–633 (1980)], Gilmore, and Tomita and
Shima [Bull. JSME 20, 1453–1460 (1977)], are compared with those resulting from the full model.
For strong collapses, the solution of the latter reveals that an important part of the energy concentrated
during the collapse is used to generate an outgoing pressure wave. For the examples considered in
this research, peak pressures are larger than those predicted by Rayleigh–Plesset type equations,
whereas the amplitudes of the rebounds are smaller
Simulation of complete many-body quantum dynamics using controlled quantum-semiclassical hybrids
A controlled hybridization between full quantum dynamics and semiclassical
approaches (mean-field and truncated Wigner) is implemented for interacting
many-boson systems. It is then demonstrated how simulating the resulting hybrid
evolution equations allows one to obtain the full quantum dynamics for much
longer times than is possible using an exact treatment directly. A collision of
sodium BECs with 1.x10^5 atoms is simulated, in a regime that is difficult to
describe semiclassically. The uncertainty of physical quantities depends on the
statistics of the full quantum prediction. Cutoffs are minimised to a
discretization of the Hamiltonian. The technique presented is quite general and
extension to other systems is considered.Comment: Published version. Broader background and discussion, slightly
shortened, less figures in epaps. Research part unchanged. Article + epaps
(4+4 pages), 8 figure
Scalar radiation from Chameleon-shielded regions
I study the profile of the Chameleon field around a radially pulsating mass.
Focusing on the case in which the background (static) Chameleon profile
exhibits a thin-shell, I add small perturbations to the source in the form of
time-dependent radial pulsations. It is found that the Chameleon field inherits
a time-dependence, there is a resultant scalar radiation from the region of the
source and the metric outside the spherically symmetric mass is not static.
This has several interesting and potentially testable consequences.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, slightly edited version matching the journal
versio
Bubble statistics and positioning in superhelically stressed DNA
We present a general framework to study the thermodynamic denaturation of
double-stranded DNA under superhelical stress. We report calculations of
position- and size-dependent opening probabilities for bubbles along the
sequence. Our results are obtained from transfer-matrix solutions of the
Zimm-Bragg model for unconstrained DNA and of a self-consistent linearization
of the Benham model for superhelical DNA. The numerical efficiency of our
method allows for the analysis of entire genomes and of random sequences of
corresponding length ( base pairs). We show that, at physiological
conditions, opening in superhelical DNA is strongly cooperative with average
bubble sizes of base pairs (bp), and orders of magnitude higher
than in unconstrained DNA. In heterogeneous sequences, the average degree of
base-pair opening is self-averaging, while bubble localization and statistics
are dominated by sequence disorder. Compared to random sequences with identical
GC-content, genomic DNA has a significantly increased probability to open large
bubbles under superhelical stress. These bubbles are frequently located
directly upstream of transcription start sites.Comment: to be appeared in Physical Review
Evaporation of a Kerr black hole by emission of scalar and higher spin particles
We study the evolution of an evaporating rotating black hole, described by
the Kerr metric, which is emitting either solely massless scalar particles or a
mixture of massless scalar and nonzero spin particles. Allowing the hole to
radiate scalar particles increases the mass loss rate and decreases the angular
momentum loss rate relative to a black hole which is radiating nonzero spin
particles. The presence of scalar radiation can cause the evaporating hole to
asymptotically approach a state which is described by a nonzero value of . This is contrary to the conventional view of black hole
evaporation, wherein all black holes spin down more rapidly than they lose
mass. A hole emitting solely scalar radiation will approach a final asymptotic
state described by . A black hole that is emitting scalar
particles and a canonical set of nonzero spin particles (3 species of
neutrinos, a single photon species, and a single graviton species) will
asymptotically approach a nonzero value of only if there are at least 32
massless scalar fields. We also calculate the lifetime of a primordial black
hole that formed with a value of the rotation parameter , the minimum
initial mass of a primordial black hole that is seen today with a rotation
parameter , and the entropy of a black hole that is emitting scalar or
higher spin particles.Comment: 22 pages, 13 figures, RevTeX format; added clearer descriptions for
variables, added journal referenc
Model-Independent Distance Measurements from Gamma-Ray Bursts and Constraints on Dark Energy
Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRB) are the most energetic events in the Universe, and
provide a complementary probe of dark energy by allowing the measurement of
cosmic expansion history that extends to redshifts greater than 6. Unlike Type
Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), GRBs must be calibrated for each cosmological model
considered, because of the lack of a nearby sample of GRBs for
model-independent calibration. For a flat Universe with a cosmological
constant, we find Omega_m=0.25^{+0.12}_{-0.11} from 69 GRBs alone. We show that
the current GRB data can be summarized by a set of model-independent distance
measurements, with negligible loss of information. We constrain a dark energy
equation of state linear in the cosmic scale factor using these distance
measurements from GRBs, together with the "Union" compilation of SNe Ia, WMAP
five year observations, and the SDSS baryon acoustic oscillation scale
measurement. We find that a cosmological constant is consistent with current
data at 68% confidence level for a flat Universe. Our results provide a simple
and robust method to incorporate GRB data in a joint analysis of cosmological
data to constrain dark energy.Comment: 8 pages, 5 color figures. Version expanded and revised for
clarification, and typo in Eqs.(3)(4)(12) corrected. PRD, in pres
Solar Coronal Structures and Stray Light in TRACE
Using the 2004 Venus transit of the Sun to constrain a semi-empirical
point-spread function for the TRACE EUV solar telescope, we have measured the
effect of stray light in that telescope. We find that 43% of 171A EUV light
that enters TRACE is scattered, either through diffraction off the entrance
filter grid or through other nonspecular effects. We carry this result forward,
via known-PSF deconvolution of TRACE images, to identify its effect on analysis
of TRACE data. Known-PSF deconvolution by this derived PSF greatly reduces the
effect of visible haze in the TRACE 171A images, enhances bright features, and
reveals that the smooth background component of the corona is considerably less
bright (and hence much more rarefied) than commonly supposed. Deconvolution
reveals that some prior conlclusions about the Sun appear to have been based on
stray light in the images. In particular, the diffuse background "quiet corona"
becomes consistent with hydrostatic support of the coronal plasma; feature
contrast is greatly increased, possibly affecting derived parameters such as
the form of the coronal heating function; and essentially all existing
differential emission measure studies of small features appear to be affected
by contamination from nearby features. We speculate on further implications of
stray light for interpretation of EUV images from TRACE and similar
instruments, and advocate deconvolution as a standard tool for image analysis
with future instruments such as SDO/AIA.Comment: Accepted by APJ; v2 reformatted to single-column format for online
readabilit
Actively stressed marginal networks
We study the effects of motor-generated stresses in disordered three
dimensional fiber networks using a combination of a mean-field, effective
medium theory, scaling analysis and a computational model. We find that motor
activity controls the elasticity in an anomalous fashion close to the point of
marginal stability by coupling to critical network fluctuations. We also show
that motor stresses can stabilize initially floppy networks, extending the
range of critical behavior to a broad regime of network connectivities below
the marginal point. Away from this regime, or at high stress, motors give rise
to a linear increase in stiffness with stress. Finally, we demonstrate that our
results are captured by a simple, constitutive scaling relation highlighting
the important role of non-affine strain fluctuations as a susceptibility to
motor stress.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure
Phase Behavior of Polyelectrolyte-Surfactant Complexes at Planar Surfaces
We investigate theoretically the phase diagram of an insoluble charged
surfactant monolayer in contact with a semi-dilute polyelectrolyte solution (of
opposite charge). The polyelectrolytes are assumed to have long-range and
attractive (electrostatic) interaction with the surfactant molecules. In
addition, we introduce a short-range (chemical) interaction which is either
attractive or repulsive. The surfactant monolayer can have a lateral phase
separation between dilute and condensed phases. Three different regimes of the
coupled system are investigated depending on system parameters. A regime where
the polyelectrolyte is depleted due to short range repulsion from the surface,
and two adsorption regimes, one being dominated by electrostatics, whereas the
other by short range chemical attraction (similar to neutral polymers). When
the polyelectrolyte is more attracted (or at least less repelled) by the
surfactant molecules as compared with the bare water/air interface, it will
shift upwards the surfactant critical temperature. For repulsive short-range
interactions the effect is opposite. Finally, the addition of salt to the
solution is found to increase the critical temperature for attractive surfaces,
but does not show any significant effect for repulsive surfaces.Comment: 23 pages, 10 figure
Nonuniqueness in spin-density-functional theory on lattices
In electronic many-particle systems, the mapping between densities and spin
magnetizations, {n(r), m(r)}, and potentials and magnetic fields, {v(r), B(r)},
is known to be nonunique, which has fundamental and practical implications for
spin-density-functional theory (SDFT). This paper studies the nonuniqueness
(NU) in SDFT on arbitrary lattices. Two new, non-trivial cases are discovered,
here called local saturation and global noncollinear NU, and their properties
are discussed and illustrated. In the continuum limit, only some well-known
special cases of NU survive.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figur
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