INTERNATIONAL BRAND PROTECTION

"Intellectual property rights are policies that assign and protect the rights to earn income from innovative and creative activity. These rights provide legal authority to control the dissemination and commercialization of new information and ideas and to enforce sanctions against their unauthorized use. Intellectual property rights play a critical role in global economic growth and development because they affect the profitability of industrial research and the rewards to creative activity. At the same time, intellectual property rights are controversial because their stronger international protection may come at the expense of higher prices and reduced availability of products, particularly in developing countries."(Jain, S. 1996

INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF WINE BRANDS

Nowadays the brands played a crucial role in commercial activities being one of the most significant part of an economic item or product, regardless the field in general. Moreover these marks or symbols have become indispensable in any sector of economic and social life due to make the product differentiable. To understand the role of the brands this article provides a number of necessary information relating with this aspect and emphasis on international regulation of wine brands. All things considered, this essay will first focus on terminology of brands in general and will then show to international regulation in this area .Next ,it closely examines the procedural issues involving in the registration process .Finally, it focusses on discussion and points of view in order to clarify how this commercial symbol could affects the economic activity and the social life

Idiopathic radiographic apical root resorption in wind instrument players

Root resorption of the permanent teeth involves an elaborate interaction among inflammatory cells resulting in loss of dental hard tissues. This report describes three clinical cases where idiopathic root resorption occurred in wind instrument playing patients. These patients produce adequate non-orthodontic forces, while playing their instruments, to expose their teeth to root resorbing force. Careful clinical monitoring of patients' teeth should be undertaken, as the additive effects of orthodontic treatment and musical habits are unknown

Standardless PIXE analysis of thick biomineral structures

The particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) of thick biomineral targets provides pertinent surface analysis, but if good reference materials are missing then complementary approaches are required to handle the matrix effects. This is illustrated by our results from qualitative and semiquantitative analysis of biomaterials and calcified tissues in which PIXE usually detected up to 20 elements with Z > 14 per sample, many at trace levels. Relative concentrations allow the classification of dental composites according to the mean Z and by multivariate statistics. In femur bones from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, trace element changes showed high individual variability but correlated to each other, and multivariate statistics improved discrimination of abnormal pathology. Changes on the in vitro demineralization of dental enamel suggested that a dissolution of Ca compounds in the outermost layer results in the uncovering of deeper layers containing higher trace element levels. Thus, in spite of significant limitations, standardless PIXE analysis of thick biomineral samples together with proper additional procedures can provide relevant information in biomedical research

Algebra of Monotonic Boolean Transformers

Algebras of imperative programming languages have been success-ful in reasoning about programs. In general an algebra of programs is an algebraic structure with programs as elements and with program compositions (sequential composition, choice, skip) as algebra oper-ations. Various versions of these algebras were introduced to model partial correctness, total correctness, refinement, demonic choice, and other aspects. We formalize here an algebra which can be used to model total correctness, refinement, demonic and angelic choice. The basic model of this algebra are monotonic Boolean transformers (monotoni