Effect of smoking on subgingival microflora of patients with periodontitis in Japan

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Smoking is a risk factor for periodontitis. To clarify the contribution of smoking to periodontitis, it is essential to assess the relationship between smoking and the subgingival microflora. The aim of this study was to gain an insight into the influence of smoking on the microflora of Japanese patients with periodontitis.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Sixty-seven Japanese patients with chronic periodontitis (19 to 83 years old, 23 women and 44 men) were enrolled in the present study. They consisted of 30 smokers and 37 non-smokers. Periodontal parameters including probing pocket depth (PPD) and bleeding on probing (BOP) and oral hygiene status were recorded. Detection of <it>Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, Fusobacterium nucleatum/periodonticum, Treponema denticola </it>and <it>Campylobacter rectus </it>in subgingival plaque samples was performed by polymerase chain reaction. Association between the detection of periodontopathic bacteria and smoking status was analyzed by multiple logistic regression analysis and chi-square test.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A statistically significant association was found between having a PPD ≥ 4 mm and detection of <it>T. denticola, P. intermedia, T. forsythia</it>, or <it>C. rectus</it>, with odds ratios ranging from 2.17 to 3.54. A significant association was noted between BOP and the detection of <it>C. rectus </it>or <it>P. intermedia</it>, and smoking, with odds ratios ranging from 1.99 to 5.62. Prevalence of <it>C. rectus </it>was higher in smokers than non-smokers, whereas that of <it>A. actinomycetemcomitans </it>was lower in smokers.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Within limits, the analysis of the subgingival microbial flora in smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis suggests a relevant association between smoking and colonization by the specific periodontal pathogens including <it>C. rectus</it>.</p

Impact of supragingival therapy on subgingival microbial profile in smokers versus non-smokers with severe chronic periodontitis

The aim of this study was to assess subgingival microbiological changes in smokers versus non-smokers presenting severe chronic periodontitis after supragingival periodontal therapy (ST).Non-smokers (n=10) and smokers (n=10) presenting at least nine teeth with probing pocket depth (PPD) (&#x2265;5 mm), bleeding on probing (BoP), and no history of periodontal treatment in the last 6 months were selected. Clinical parameters assessed were plaque index (PI), BoP, PPD, relative gingival margin position (rGMP) and relative clinical attachment level (rCAL). Subgingival biofilm was collected before and 21 days after ST. DNA was extracted and the 16S rRNA gene was amplified with the universal primer pair, 27F and 1492R. Amplified genes were cloned, sequenced, and identified by comparison with known 16S rRNA sequences. Statistical analysis was performed by Student&#x0027;s t and Chi-Square tests (&#x03B1;=5%).Clinically, ST promoted a significant reduction in PI and PPD, and gain of rCAL for both groups, with no significant intergroup difference. Microbiologically, at baseline, data analysis demonstrated that smokers harbored a higher proportion of Porphyromonas endodontalis, Bacteroidetes sp., Fusobacterium sp. and Tannerella forsythia and a lower number of cultivated phylotypes (p&#60;0.05). Furthermore, non-smokers featured significant reductions in key phylotypes associated with periodontitis, whereas smokers presented more modest changes.Within the limits of the present study, ST promoted comparable clinical improvements in smokers and non-smokers with severe chronic periodontitis. However, in smokers, ST only slightly affected the subgingival biofilm biodiversity, as compared with non-smokers

To what extent does smoking affect gingival bleeding response to supragingival plaque? Site‐specific analyses in a population‐based study

Background and objective - The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of smoking on the site‐specific association between bleeding on gingival probing and supragingival plaque and to assess whether this differs in different regions of the dentition. Methods - Data from a representative sample of 1911 adults (20‐79 years old) in Northern Norway were analyzed. Periodontal examinations consisted of full‐mouth recordings of periodontal probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and presence of supragingival plaque. Smoking status and background characteristics were self‐reported by questionnaire. The association between plaque and BOP was assessed in several three‐level (subject, tooth, and site) random intercept logistic regression models adjusted for PD, smoking status, socioeconomic factors, and body mass index. In a further model, it was assessed whether the association between supragingival plaque and BOP differed in different parts of the dentition. Results - For plaque‐free sites, bleeding tendency was lower in smokers, the odds ratio (OR) was 0.773 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.678‐0.881 as compared to non‐smokers (OR: 1; ref., P 2(4)= 32.043, P Conclusions - Smoking considerably attenuates the site‐specific association between plaque and BOP with a dose‐dependent effect. The effect of smoking did not differ across tooth types

Health, mental well-being, and musculoskeletal disorders: a comparison between Swedish and Australian dental hygienists

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to compare Swedish and Australian dental hygienist in regards to working conditions, health, and mental well being and to further develop a health model for this profession. METHODS: Questionnaires (a 275-item instrument) were sent to all 376 Australian dental hygienist and a random sample of 26% (n=575) of Swedish dental hygienist. Country-specific factors--such as work characteristics and life style--and their relationships to self-related health and mental well being were analyzed. Interaction effects of age times country were studied by two-factor ANOVA. Discriminant functions were used to predict country and age group memberships, and multiple logistic regression modeling for a health model was tested. RESULTS: The response rate was 86% (N=495) in Sweden and 71% (N=254) in Australia. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders, professional ambition, and demands from difficult patients were the factors most different for the two countries--generally the values were higher for Australia than Sweden. Arthritic hands/loss of sensitivity in the arm-hand and intellectual job satisfaction were found more often in dental hygienist more than 42 years old. than in dental hygienist ages under 42 years old. Professional ambition was higher for those under 42. Working 25 hours or more per week with clinical work, engaging in active leisure, being under age 42, and high management support at work, relate to good general health. Work-family overload was associated with lower general health, while higher mental well-being was related to high perception of personal mastery and high management support. There also was a correlation between lower mental well-being was and high work-family overload, work efficiency, and practicing in Australia. Work-family overload, scaling procedures, work relations, practicing in Australia, and being under 42 years of age were associated with more musculoskeletal disorders. CONCLUSION: An earlier hypothetical work and health model, on which this study was based, was expanded with these factors: country-specific work setting, age, and work relations. Australian dental hygienist and more musculoskeletal disorders and experienced lower mental well being related to organizational work factors than did Swedish dental hygienist. The results suggest a need to consider sociodemographic, occupational, and cultural aspects in future studies of work, health, and well being.Ylipää V, Szuster F, Spencer J, Preber H, Benko SS, Arnetz BB.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11935931?dopt=abstrac