The Struggle For Judicial Independence in Antebellum North Carolina: The Story of Two Judges

On January 17, 2007, the Wayback Machine’s software crawler captured wikileaks.org for the first time. The crawler’s act of harvesting and documenting the Web meta-stored a developing site for “untraceable mass document leaking”—all in the form of an “anonymous global avenue for disseminating documents,” to quote the archived representational image of the site (Wayback Machine, 2007, para. 6). The initial WikiLeaks captures, and there were additional sweeps stored during the following months, vividly illustrate how WikiLeaks gradually developed into a site of global attention. The WikiLeaks logo, with its blue-green hourglass, was, for example, graphically present from the start, and later headings at the right were “news,” “FAQ,” “support,” “press,” and “links”—the latter directing users to various network services for anonymous data publication as i2P.net or Tor. Interestingly, links to the initial press coverage on Wikileaks are kept—which is not always the case at Wayback Machine—and can still be accessed. Apparently, one of the first online articles to mention what the site was about stated: “a new internet initiative called WikiLeaks seeks to promote good government and democratization by enabling anonymous disclosure and publication of confidential government records”

Josephson Junctions with a synthetic antiferromagnetic interlayer

We report measurements of the critical current vs. Co thickness in Nb/Cu/Co/Ru/Co/Cu/Nb Josephson junctions, where the inner Co/Ru/Co trilayer is a "synthetic antiferromagnet" with the magnetizations of the two Co layers coupled antiparallel to each other via the 0.6 nm-thick Ru layer. Due to the antiparallel magnetization alignment, the net intrinsic magnetic flux in the junction is nearly zero, and such junctions exhibit excellent Fraunhofer patterns in the critical current vs. applied magnetic field, even with total Co thicknesses as large as 23 nm. There are no apparent oscillations in the critical current vs. Co thickness, consistent with theoretical expectations for this situation. The critical current of the junctions decays over 4 orders of magnitude as the total Co thickness increases from 3 to 23 nm. These junctions may serve as useful templates for future explorations of spin-triplet superconducting correlations, which are predicted to occur in supercon- ducting/ferromagnetic hybrid systems in the presence of certain types of magnetic inhomogeneity.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure

Proximity-induced density-of-states oscillations in a superconductor/strong-ferromagnet system

We have measured the evolution of the tunneling density of states (DOS) in superconductor/ferromagnet (S/F) bilayers with increasing F-layer thickness, where F in our experiment is the strong ferromagnet Ni. As a function of increasing Ni thickness, we detect multiple oscillations in the DOS at the Fermi energy from differential conductance measurements. The features in the DOS associated with the proximity effect change from normal to inverted twice as the Ni thickness increases from 1 to 5 nm.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Switching Current vs. Magnetoresistance in Magnetic Multilayer Nanopillars

We study current-driven magnetization switching in nanofabricated magnetic trilayers, varying the magnetoresistance in three different ways. First, we insert a strongly spin-scattering layer between the magnetic trilayer and one of the electrodes, giving increased magnetoresistance. Second, we insert a spacer with a short spin-diffusion length between the magnetic layers, decreasing the magnetoresistance. Third, we vary the angle between layer magnetizations. In all cases, we find an approximately linear dependence between magnetoresistance and inverse switching current. We give a qualitative explanation for the observed behaviors, and suggest some ways in which the switching currents may be reduced.Comment: 3 pages, 4 figure