The Parameters of the Attorney-Client Privilege for In-House Counsel at the International Level: Protecting the Company\u27s Confidential Information

The gaps in the privilege at the international level present a major problem for general counsel. In the worst case scenario, the company\u27s own legal opinions could be used against it by a foreign tribunal. To reduce this risk, general counsel at multinationals should become familiar with the parameters of the attorney-client privilege at the international level and use this knowledge to devise strategies to protect the corporation\u27s sensitive information in foreign jurisdictions. Part II of this comment begins by describing the roots of the modem attorney-client privilege in the United States and its extension to in-house counsel. This section provides a context for analyzing the privilege as it is applied to corporate counsel at the international level. Part III then continues by setting forth the global parameters of the privilege for in-house counsel. This section illustrates why general counsels need to take additional measures to protect company information in foreign regions. Finally, Part IV of this comment concludes by suggesting four strategies that corporate counsels at multinational firms may use to help protect their companies\u27 sensitive communications

The Parameters of the Attorney-Client Privilege for In-House Counsel at the International Level: Protecting the Company\u27s Confidential Information

The gaps in the privilege at the international level present a major problem for general counsel. In the worst case scenario, the company\u27s own legal opinions could be used against it by a foreign tribunal. To reduce this risk, general counsel at multinationals should become familiar with the parameters of the attorney-client privilege at the international level and use this knowledge to devise strategies to protect the corporation\u27s sensitive information in foreign jurisdictions. Part II of this comment begins by describing the roots of the modem attorney-client privilege in the United States and its extension to in-house counsel. This section provides a context for analyzing the privilege as it is applied to corporate counsel at the international level. Part III then continues by setting forth the global parameters of the privilege for in-house counsel. This section illustrates why general counsels need to take additional measures to protect company information in foreign regions. Finally, Part IV of this comment concludes by suggesting four strategies that corporate counsels at multinational firms may use to help protect their companies\u27 sensitive communications

Letter to Timothy Wiggin

Pratt tells Wiggin that he is sending a parcel of books to Mr. Ward and hopes that Ward\u27s high expectations will not disappoint Bishop Chase. Chase\u27s anticipation of the sale of American Prayer Books covering the cost of stereotype plates will not be realized, so more money must be raised for this goal. Pratt also stresses the importance of advertising in the West Periodical.https://digital.kenyon.edu/chase_letters/1340/thumbnail.jp

Neutron Dose Equivalent and Spectra Determination for a Medical Linear Accelerator Using Dosimetric and Monte Carlo Methods.

Medical linear accelerators (linacs) operated above 8 MV photon energy have their output contaminated with neutrons resulting from the photon interactions with the materials of the linac head components. Photoneutron contamination in the photon output was investigated on the Varian Clinac 2100C linear accelerator operating at 15 MV photon beam energy and a dose rate of 4 Gy/min using experimental and Monte Carlo (MCNP) simulations. In order to ensure that the output of the MCNP code was valid, an 241Am-Be isotopic irradiation facility was simulated to study the scattered and transmitted neutron fluxes emanating from a rectangular phantom placed in 'short' and 'long' width orientations. The results of the scattered and transmitted neutron fluxes were compared with those obtained by measurements using the Microspect-2 Neutron Probe (N-Probe) and a new neutron detector, the LGB detector, based on a scintillator containing Li, Gd, and B. Results show a reasonable agreement between measurements and MCNP calculations for both transmitted and scattered neutron flux. Good and accurate knowledge of all the relevant nuclear parameters involved and reliable as well as reproducible experimental conditions are required in neutron flux measurements using foils. A Monte Carlo based Fortran 90 program, COLDET, was developed to calculate the solid angle subtended by both 'bare' and collimated y-ray detector to point, disc and cylindrical sources. Results show good agreement with theory and those obtained by others, however, some differences arise when the finite dimensions of the source and detector are taken into account. Superheated drop detectors (SDDs) were employed in the photoneutron dose measurements due to their insensitivity to high energy and intensity photons in contrast to activation foils. The high and low neutron sensitivity SDDs (Apfel Enterprises Inc., U.S.A), recommended for out of beam and in-beam measurements were used, respectively. Measurements were carried out for both in air and in a water phantom in the patient plane at 100 cm source-to-surface (detector) distance (SSD) in order to investigate the variation of neutron dose equivalent with field size in and outside the irradiation beam and also in the maze of the linac bunker and the control room. The neutron dose equivalent on the beam axis increased gradually as field size was varied from 5x5 cm to 40x40 cm for in-air measurements and was independent of field size outside the irradiated field at distances greater than 20 cm. The neutron dose equivalent for 10x10 cm2 and 40x40 cm2 field sizes was found to be 1.57+/-0.10 mSvGy-1 and 1.74 +/- 0.09 mSvGy-1, respectively. The neutron dose equivalent in the maze for all the field sizes was much higher at gantry angles 0 and 180. The neutron dose equivalent on the beam axis for the 10x10 cm2 field size at a depth of 1 cm in water was 1.42 +/- 0.09 mSvGy-1 for the in-phantom measurements and 1.81+/-0.08 mSvGy-1 for the 5x5 cm2 field size for the same depth but was independent of field size at depth >5 cm in water. MCNP simulation of the 15 MV photon energy Varian Clinac 2100C head was carried out to investigate the photoneutron contamination in its output for the purpose of comparison with experiment. Though the precise linac information about the treatment head was not made available to us due to manufacturer's proprietary rights and commercial secrecy, there was good agreement between simulation and experiment for both in-air and in-phantom to within 15% and 20%, respectively. The fractional neutron dose equivalent to radiosensitive organs of the patient during high-energy photon treatment was determined using the tissue equivalent phantom BOMAB compatible with MCNP. In a design study, MCNP simulation of a linac bunker was undertaken to determine the effect on the total neutron flux and dose at the exit of the maze in terms of treatment room modification and in cladding the maze with neutron absorbing materials. The neutron spectrum of an isotropic 252Cf source was used for the purposes of simulation to represent the unfiltered neutron component of the linear accelerator beam and was placed at the SSD. The modification of the treatment room reduced the total neutron flux and dose by approximately 40 and 45%, respectively, whereas the addition of neutron absorbing materials resulted in further reduction of approximately 90%

Confronting anomalous kaon correlations measured in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN=2.76\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 2.76 TeV

Measurements of the dynamical correlations between neutral and charged kaons in central Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 2.76$ TeV by the ALICE Collaboration display anomalous behavior relative to conventional heavy-ion collision simulators such as AMPT, EPOS, and HIJING. We consider other conventional statistical models, none of which can reproduce the magnitude and centrality dependence of the correlations. The data can be reproduced by coherent emission from domains which grow in number and volume with increasing centrality. We show that the energy released by condensation of strange quarks may be sufficient to explain the anomaly.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figure

Disoriented isospin condensates may be the source of anomalous kaon correlations measured in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN=2.76\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 2.76 TeV

The magnitude of fluctuations between charged and neutral kaons measured by the ALICE Collaboration in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC exceeds conventional explanation. Here it is shown that if the scalar condensate, which is typically associated with chiral symmetry, is accompanied by an isospin=1 field, then the combination can produce large fluctuations where $\langle \bar{u}u\rangle \ne \langle \bar{d}d\rangle$. Hadronizing strange and anti-strange quarks might then strongly fluctuate between charged ($u\bar{s}$ or $s\bar{u}$) and neutral ($d\bar{s}$ or $s\bar{d}$) kaons.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

A Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor model framework for liquid biofuels production.

Abstract Not Provide

Anthrax lethal toxin induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cytosolic cathepsin release is Nlrp1b/Nalp1b-dependent.

NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are a group of cytoplasmic molecules that recognize microbial invasion or 'danger signals'. Activation of NLRs can induce rapid caspase-1 dependent cell death termed pyroptosis, or a caspase-1 independent cell death termed pyronecrosis. Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin (LT), is recognized by a subset of alleles of the NLR protein Nlrp1b, resulting in pyroptotic cell death of macrophages and dendritic cells. Here we show that LT induces lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP). The presentation of LMP requires expression of an LT-responsive allele of Nlrp1b, and is blocked by proteasome inhibitors and heat shock, both of which prevent LT-mediated pyroptosis. Further the lysosomal protease cathepsin B is released into the cell cytosol and cathepsin inhibitors block LT-mediated cell death. These data reveal a role for lysosomal membrane permeabilization in the cellular response to bacterial pathogens and demonstrate a shared requirement for cytosolic relocalization of cathepsins in pyroptosis and pyronecrosis

Apparent Continuing Expansion in the Range of the Gray Treefrog, Hyla versicolor, in New Brunswick

Recent observations of the Gray Treefrog, Hyla versicolor, in the Maritimes suggest that this species may be expanding its range and abundance, perhaps partly in response to human activities. However, during the breeding season the species characteristically calls in very small choruses in the region and may be present but not call, or call for very short periods. This has made it difficult to determine distribution and to make an assessment of unconfirmed historic records that suggest presence beyond the current range more than 50 years ago. The inadvertent introduction of frogs may also be playing a role in the apparent recent range expansion of this species