Pengaruh Pajak, Exchange Rate, Tunneling Incentive, dan Leverage terhadap Transfer Pricing (Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Sektor Aneka Industri yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2012-2016)

This study aims to determine the effect of tax, exchange rate, tunneling incentive, and leverage to transfer pricing. Dependent variable in this study is transfer pricing which is proxied with the value from a related party transaction (RPT) of sale. The independent variables in this study are tax, exchange rate, tunneling incentive, and leverage.           This study took the secondary data in financial statements or annual reports that have been published by companies in Indonesia Stock Exchange. The population in this study are all the manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2012-2016. This study took manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange as sample, especially the various industry sectors from years 2012-2016. Sampling technique used in this study was purposive sampling method. The total number of sample in this study is 35 firm years from seven companies. The analytical method used was logistic regression analysis using SPSS program version 16.           The results of the analysis in this study indicate that tax, exchange rate, and tunneling incentive have no significant effect on transfer pricing, whereas leverage has a significant positive effect on transfer pricing.   Keywords: Transfer Pricing, Tax, Exchange Rate, Incentive Tunneling, Leverage

Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 supplementation increases faecal sIgA and immune response in children younger than two years

The immature intestinal immune system in young children develops as it comes into contact with dietary and microbial antigens in the gut. Intestinal microbiota plays a significant role in host defence mechanisms as shown by inflammatory responses towards potential pathogens. We investigated the probiotic function of Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 of ‘dadih’ origin in modulating immune response in young children. We aimed to assess its effect on their immune response by assessing transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) responses and faecal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) titre in a randomised, double-blinded placebocontrolled trial in 12-24-month-old children (n=38). We used four treatment groups for a 90-day supplementation period: placebo (n=11), probiotic (n=9), zinc (n=8) and probiotic and zinc (n=10). Faecal sIgA, plasma TGF-β1 and TNF-α titre were evaluated using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay standard technique. Statistical analysis divided the results (pre/post treatment) into high (>1) and low (<1) ratios. The results showed that faecal sIgA titre increased in all treatment groups compared with the control (placebo) and significantly increased in the probiotic group (P=0.05). In addition, the TGF-β1 ratio in the zinc group was significantly higher (P=0.05) than that in the placebo group. We observed a significant positive correlation between TGF-β1/TNF-α and faecal sIgA (r=0.27, P=0.04). Post hoc test results revealed that zinc supplementation has a significant effect on body-weight gain. Taken together, probiotic L. plantarum IS-10506 supplementation stimulates TGF-β1, which in turn increases the production of sIgA, in line with the significant correlation between TGF-β1/TNF-α and faecal sIgA. Keywords: probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum, sIgA, TGF-β1, TNF-α, young childre