La peregrinación de las gestantes en lo municipio del rio de janeiro: perfil de obitos y nacimiento

This ecological study presented analyze of the birth pathways in the Rio de Janeiro City and identification of the relationship between the health services offer and pregnant flow between their households and the maternity. It was used the data available in the Mortality Information System (MIS) and Live Birth Information System (LBIS) in 2004. The TabWin program processed the data and drew the maps. The LBIS processed 99,042 declarations of live birth and MIS processed 1,318 declarations of deaths in less than one year old in the Rio Janeiro City. The conclusion was that the possibility of intervention in the infantile and maternal mortality profile has happened at the health services, and the access to the quality assistance has fundamental hole in the mortality determination. The existence of access inequalities to the services must be investigated.Tratase de un estudio ecológico que tiene como objetivo analizar las trayectorias de los nacimientos en lo Municipio del Rio de Janeiro y identificar la relación entre oferta de servicios de la salud y del flujo de gestantes entre el lugar de la residencia y la maternidad. Fueron utilizados los datos de los Sistemas de la Información sobre Mortalidad (SIM) y Nacidos Vivos (SINASC) de 2004. El proceso y el mapeamento de los datos fueron hechos a través del programa TabWin. El SINASC procesó 99.042 declaraciones de nacidos vivos y el SIM procesó 1.318 declaraciones de óbitos en menores de un año en lo Municipio del Rio de Janeiro. Concluyese que la posibilidad de intervención en el perfil de la mortalidad infantil y materna dislocase cada vez más para la esfera de los servicios de la salud, y el acceso a la asistencia de calidad tiene papel fundamental en la determinación de la mortalidad, débese, investigar la existencia de desigualdades en el acceso a tales servicios.Trata-se de um estudo ecológico. Objetivou-se analisar as trajetórias dos nascimentos no município do Rio de Janeiro e identificar a relação entre oferta de serviços de saúde e fluxo de gestantes entre local de residência e a maternidade. Foram utilizados dados dos Sistemas de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) de 2004. O processamento e mapeamento dos dados foram feitos através do programa TabWin. O SINASC processou 99.042 declarações de nascidos vivos e o SIM processou 1.318 declarações de óbitos em menores de um ano no Município do Rio de Janeiro. Concluiu-se que a possibilidade de intervenção no perfil da mortalidade infantil e materna desloca-se cada vez mais para a esfera dos serviços de saúde, e o acesso à assistência de qualidade tem papel fundamental na determinação da mortalidade. Deve-se investigar a existência de desigualdades no acesso a tais serviços

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Mortalidade materna no município do Rio de Janeiro: magnitude e distribuição La mortalidad materna en el municipio de Rio de Janeiro: magnitud y distribuición Maternal morbidity in the district of Rio de Janeiro: magnitude and distribution

A mortalidade materna é um evento traçador da assistência por ser evitável em 92% dos casos. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo de base populacional que analisou as declarações de óbito das mulheres de 10 a 49 anos no Município do Rio de Janeiro, 1996-2004. Foram utilizados os dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade, processados e mapeados através do TabWin. Verificou-se o predomínio do óbito materno entre mulheres solteiras e mulheres com 4 a 7 anos de estudo. A Razão de Mortalidade Materna permanece alta no município. Dois aglomerados chamam atenção na distribuição espacial dos óbitos maternos. O primeiro abrange a Zona Oeste e apresenta uma Razão de Mortalidade Materna muito alta. O segundo situa-se ao longo do subúrbio da Leopoldina e concentra uma mortalidade alta.<br>La mortalidad materna es un acontecimiento que refleja de la asistencia prestada por expresar una muerte evitable en el 92% de los casos. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo de base poblacional que analizó los certificados de defunción de mujeres de 10 a 49 años, en la ciudad del Río de Janeiro, de 1996 a 2004. Fueron utilizados los datos del Sistema de Informaciones sobre Mortalidad, que fueran procesados y mapeados a través del TabWin. Se contató el predominio de la muerte materna en el grupo de mujeres solteras , con entre 4 a 7 años de formación . El indice de Mortalidad Materna sigue siendo alta en la ciudad. Dos aglomerados llaman la atención en la distribución espacial de las muertes maternas. El primero en la Zona Oeste que presenta indice de mortalidad materna muy alto . El segundo se situa a lo largo de la region de la Leopoldina donde se concentra un indice de mortalidad materna alto.<br>Maternal mortality is an event that reflects the assistance provided because it deals with unavoidable deaths in 92% of the cases. This is a population-based study that analyzed the deaths certificates of women between 10 to 49 years in a Rio de Janeiro district, from 1996 to 2004. The data used was obtained from the Mortality Information System, processed and mapped through TabWin. The predominance of the deaths verified was among the group of single women and women with 4 to 7 years of schooling. . The maternal mortality rate is still high in the city. On the spatial distribution two groups call attention. The first one includes the West Zone, showing a very high Maternal Mortality Rate. The second one is located along the the Leopoldina suburb and concentrates a high mortality rate

A peregrinação das gestantes no Município do Rio de Janeiro: perfil de óbitos e nascimentos La peregrinación de las gestantes en lo municipio del rio de janeiro: perfil de obitos y nacimiento The peregrination of the pregnants in rio de janeiro city: deaths and births profile

Trata-se de um estudo ecológico. Objetivou-se analisar as trajetórias dos nascimentos no município do Rio de Janeiro e identificar a relação entre oferta de serviços de saúde e fluxo de gestantes entre local de residência e a maternidade. Foram utilizados dados dos Sistemas de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) de 2004. O processamento e mapeamento dos dados foram feitos através do programa TabWin. O SINASC processou 99.042 declarações de nascidos vivos e o SIM processou 1.318 declarações de óbitos em menores de um ano no Município do Rio de Janeiro. Concluiu-se que a possibilidade de intervenção no perfil da mortalidade infantil e materna desloca-se cada vez mais para a esfera dos serviços de saúde, e o acesso à assistência de qualidade tem papel fundamental na determinação da mortalidade. Deve-se investigar a existência de desigualdades no acesso a tais serviços.<br>Tratase de un estudio ecológico que tiene como objetivo analizar las trayectorias de los nacimientos en lo Municipio del Rio de Janeiro y identificar la relación entre oferta de servicios de la salud y del flujo de gestantes entre el lugar de la residencia y la maternidad. Fueron utilizados los datos de los Sistemas de la Información sobre Mortalidad (SIM) y Nacidos Vivos (SINASC) de 2004. El proceso y el mapeamento de los datos fueron hechos a través del programa TabWin. El SINASC procesó 99.042 declaraciones de nacidos vivos y el SIM procesó 1.318 declaraciones de óbitos en menores de un año en lo Municipio del Rio de Janeiro. Concluyese que la posibilidad de intervención en el perfil de la mortalidad infantil y materna dislocase cada vez más para la esfera de los servicios de la salud, y el acceso a la asistencia de calidad tiene papel fundamental en la determinación de la mortalidad, débese, investigar la existencia de desigualdades en el acceso a tales servicios.<br>This ecological study presented analyze of the birth pathways in the Rio de Janeiro City and identification of the relationship between the health services offer and pregnant flow between their households and the maternity. It was used the data available in the Mortality Information System (MIS) and Live Birth Information System (LBIS) in 2004. The TabWin program processed the data and drew the maps. The LBIS processed 99,042 declarations of live birth and MIS processed 1,318 declarations of deaths in less than one year old in the Rio Janeiro City. The conclusion was that the possibility of intervention in the infantile and maternal mortality profile has happened at the health services, and the access to the quality assistance has fundamental hole in the mortality determination. The existence of access inequalities to the services must be investigated

Datos epidemiologicos y pronósticos del Registro Argentino de Sindromes Mielodisplásicos (SMD)

Los SMD son un grupo heterogéneo de trastornos clonales. El curso clínico es variable, desde un cuadro estable a un pronto fallecimiento por transformación leucémica o por complicaciones de las citopenias. Esta variabilidad complica la decisión terapéutica, siendo fundamental la caracterización pronóstica de los pacientes previo al tratamiento.El IPSS (International Prognostic Scoring System),ampliamente utilizado, fue revisado en 2012 (IPSS-R), redefiniéndose los grupos citogenéticos,niveles de citopenias y el porcentaje de blastos en MO. El sistema del MD Anderson (MDA-S) incluyela leucemia mielomonocítica crónica mielo-proliferativa y SMD secundarios. Otros factores pronósticos están en debate. El Registro Argentino de SMD fue creado en 2008 y colaboran 17 instituciones. Los estudios descriptivos son útiles para estrategiasen salud pública, y necesarios para establecer características epidemiológicas, para validar factores pronósticos y clasificaciones internacionales, permitiendo adecuar esquemas terapéuticos. Por ende,nuestro objetivo fue evaluar las características de los pacientes de nuestro registro.Se analizaron 532 pacientes (89%: SMD primario), mediana de edad: 72 años (17-95), relación M/F: 1,3. Durante el seguimiento(mediana: 18 meses), 104 (19,5%) pacientes evolucionaron a leucemia aguda y 211 (39,7%) fallecieron. La edad, sexo, blastos en MO, nivel dehemoglobina, recuento plaquetario y de neutrófilos, cariotipo, LDH y mielofibrosis fueron variables pronósticas estadísticamente significativas. Las clasificaciones FAB y OMS, y los sistemas pronósticoIPSS, IPSS-R, WPSS según niveles de hemoglobina, MDA-S y el índice de comorbilidad de Charlson permitieron discriminar grupos con diferentes evolución (Kaplan-Meier y Long-Rank, p<0,05). Nuestros resultados confirman la utilidad de variables y sistemas pronósticos en nuestra población.Fil: Flores, Gabriela. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos Dr. Carlos G. Durand; ArgentinaFil: Basquiera, Ana L. Hospital Privado Centro Medico de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Kornblihtt, Laura Inés. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Hospital de Clínicas General San Martín; ArgentinaFil: Sakmann, Federico. FUNDALEU; ArgentinaFil: Prates, Virginia. Hospital Italiano de La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Schutz, Natalia. Hospital Italiano; ArgentinaFil: Viñuales, S. Hospital Italiano; ArgentinaFil: Fantl, Dorotea. Hospital Italiano; ArgentinaFil: Cardenas, María Paula. Hospital Italiano; ArgentinaFil: Benasayag, Silvia. Fundagen; ArgentinaFil: Crisp, Renée. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación. Hospital Nacional Profesor Alejandro Posadas; ArgentinaFil: Pintos, Noemí. Sanatorio Dr. Julio Méndez; ArgentinaFil: Santos, Isabel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Iastrebner, Marcelo. Sanatorio Sagrado Corazón ; ArgentinaFil: Belli, Carolina Bárbara. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; Argentin