Digitized radiovisiographic analysis of dental pulp of permanent mandibular first molar and second premolar for age estimation using tooth coronal index method

Background: Teeth have become a valuable index to estimate age of an individual in forensic odontology. The advent of radiovisiography (RVG) has led to accurate calculation of dental age, which may be due to more precise RVG images than other radiographic techniques. Objectives: The study aimed at estimating the age of an individual from mandibular premolar and molar through tooth coronal index (TCI) measured from digital intraoral radiographic images (RVG). Materials and Methods: Using RVG 176 periapical radiographs of mandibular second premolar and first molar of individuals of either sex aged 20–70 years residing in Chhattisgarh were taken by paralleling angle technique for the study. The RVG images of selected teeth were analyzed and height of the crown, i.e., coronal height and the height of the coronal pulp cavity, i.e., coronal pulp cavity height of each tooth were measured in millimeters using KODAK software to calculate TCI. The real age of a subject was compared with TCI of tooth and the acquired data was subjected to Pearson's correlation test. Bland and Altman regression analysis was carried out to estimate limit of agreement between the two measurements (real and calculated age). Results: Negative correlation was observed between the real age and TCI of mandibular first molar (r = −0.149, P = 0.166) and second premolar (r = −0.20, P = 0.061). The difference between real age and calculated age for premolar ranged from − 38.11 to 23.51 years (mean difference 7.30) and for first molar it was from − 34.82 to 25.22 years (mean difference 4.799), which suggested acceptable agreement. Conclusion: TCI method provides accurate estimation of age from RVG images of teeth. RVG is convenient to use, has low radiation dose, and produces sharper images than other imaging methods

Quest for cardiovascular interventions: precise modeling and 3D printing of heart valves

Abstract Digitalization of health care practices is substantially manifesting itself as an effective tool to diagnose and rectify complex cardiovascular abnormalities. For cardiovascular abnormalities, precise non-invasive imaging interventions are being used to develop patient specific diagnosis and surgical planning. Concurrently, pre surgical 3D simulation and computational modeling are aiding in the effective surgery and understanding of valve biomechanics, respectively. Consequently, 3D printing of patient specific valves that can mimic the original one will become an effective outbreak for valvular problems. Printing of these patient-specific tissues or organ components is becoming a viable option owing to the advances in biomaterials and additive manufacturing techniques. These additive manufacturing techniques are receiving a full-fledged support from burgeoning field of computational fluid dynamics, digital image processing, artificial intelligence, and continuum mechanics during their optimization and implementation. Further, studies at cellular and molecular biomechanics have enriched our understanding of biomechanical factors resulting in valvular heart diseases. Hence, the knowledge generated can guide us during the design and synthesis of biomaterials to develop superior extra cellular matrix, mimicking materials that can be used as a bioink for 3D printing of organs and tissues. With this notion, we have reviewed current opportunities and challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of heart valve abnormalities through patient-specific valve design via tissue engineering and 3D bioprinting. These valves can replace diseased valves by preserving homogeneity and individuality of the patients

Microwave-assisted synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of some odorant Schiff bases derived from naturally occurring carbonyl compounds and anthranilic acid

<p>Nine odorant Schiff bases, namely 2-(4-methoxybenzylideneamino) benzoic acid<i>,</i> 2-(benzylideneamino) benzoic acid, 2-(3-phenylallylidene amino) benzoic acid, 2-(3,7-dimethyloct-2,6-enylideneamino) benzoic acid, 2-(3,7-dimethyloct-6-enylideneamino) benzoic acid, 2-(4-isopropylbenzylideneamino)benzoic acid, 2-(3,4-dimethoxybenzylideneamino) benzoic acid, 2-(1-phenylethylideneamino) benzoic acid, and 2-[(4-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-enyl)-but-2-enylideneamino)benzoic acid, were prepared by condensation of anthranilic acid with corresponding naturally occurring carbonyl compounds (anisaldehyde, benzaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, citral, citronellal, cuminaldehyde, veratraldehyde, acetophenone, and α-ionone) employing conventional and microwave irradiation methods. These compounds were characterized with the aid of elemental and spectral (FT-IR, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR) analysis. Microwave irradiation method was efficient in terms of reduced reaction time, solvent use, and increased yields of these compounds without affecting their olfactory characteristics. These Schiff bases also exhibited olfactory characteristics for various fragrance compositions and varied antimicrobial activity against <i>Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, Staphylococcus aureus,</i> and <i>Escherichia coli</i>.</p

Details of raw data and quality control used for assembly of the <i>H. avenae</i> transcriptome.

<p>Details of raw data and quality control used for assembly of the <i>H. avenae</i> transcriptome.</p

Hierarchical layout of significantly enriched biological processes and key regulatory genes in <i>H. avenae</i>.

<p>Hierarchical layout of significantly enriched biological processes and key regulatory genes in <i>H. avenae</i>.</p

Assembly statistics of <i>H. avenae</i> transcriptome generated by Velvet and Oases.

<p>Assembly statistics of <i>H. avenae</i> transcriptome generated by Velvet and Oases.</p

<i>Heterodera avenae</i> enzymes with predicted cell wall–degrading activities, compared with those in other nematodes.

<p>GH- Glycosidehydrolases,GT-Glycosyl transferases,CE-Carbohydrate esterases, PL - Polysaccharide lyases.</p