Distribution and behavior of Anopheles maculatus and its potential as a Malaria vector in Indonesia

Background: Anopheles maculatus is one of the mosquito species that has been confirmed as a malaria vector in Indonesia. The potential of a mosquito as a vector is influenced by its behavior. Information on the distribution and behavior of An. maculatus needs to be carried out to determine the potential for malaria transmission transmitted by the species in an area. The study aimed to obtain information on the distribution, behavior, and potential of maculatus as a malaria vector in several provinces in Indonesia. Method: Mosquito collection was carried out using human-landing collection, animal-baited trap, cattle-bait, light-trap, and resting morning. A survey of mosquitoes was carried out in 29 provinces in Indonesia. Mosquitoes were identified for the species and detected the blood-sucking behavior with an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the presence of Plasmodium using a Polymerase Chain Reaction. Results: The results showed that An. maculatus was found in the Riau Islands, Lampung, Bangka Belitung, West Java, Central Java, East Java, and Central Sulawesi. Anopheles maculatus has known to suck the blood of humans and animals with a predominance of animals. Anopheles maculatus is also known to suck blood outdoors predominantly. In general, the activity of An. maculatus sucking blood begins around 18.00 in the evening. Central Java Province was the province with the highest density of An. maculatus mosquitoes, thereby increasing the potential for transmission of malaria cases. Conclusion: Anopheles maculatus was spread in Riau Islands, Lampung, Bangka Belitung, West Java, Central Java, East Java, and Central Sulawesi. This species was known to suck the blood of people and humans, and its blood-sucking activity starts around 18.00 in the evening

PENGARUH BERBAGAI KONSENTRASI EKSTRAK TUBA (Derris elliptica) TERHADAP KEMATIAN LALAT RUMAH (Musca domestica) di TPS PASAR MUNTILAN

Lalat rumah (Musca domestica) merupakan jenis serangga, termasuk dalam ordo Diptera, subordo Cycloropha yang dapat berperan sebagai vektor penyakit. Beberapa penyakit yang ditularkan melalui makanan oleh lalat rumah (Musca domestica) yaitu penyakit saluran pencernaan seperti kolera, typhus, disentri. Tindakan pengendalian vektor yang dapat menjadi alternatif yaitu penggunaan insektisida hayati yang berasal dari tanaman di alam. Salah satu tumbuhan yang dapat digunakan sebagai insektisida nabati adalah tuba (Derris elliptica) yang mengandung bahan aktif rotenone. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh penyemprotan ekstrak tuba (Derris elliptica) dengan konsentrasi 0%, 25%, 35% dan 45% terhadap kematian lalat rumah (Musca domestica) dan mengetahui konsentrasi ekstrak tuba (Derris elliptica) yang paling efektif terhadap kematian lalat rumah (Musca domestica). Desain penelitian ini menggunakan Postest Only Control Group Design dengan jumlah 4 perlakuan. Lokasi penelitian di Laboratorium Entomologi Jurusan Kesehatan Lingkungan Poltekkes Kemenkes Yogyakarta. Obyek penelitian adalah seluruh lalat rumah (Musca domestica) yang ditangkap dari TPS Pasar Muntilan. Sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 480 ekor untuk 6 kali pengulangan. Sebanyak 20 ekor lalat rumah (Musca domestica) diambil untuk setiap perlakuannya. Analisis normalitas mengunakan Kolmogorov-Smirnov dan selanjutnya data diuji menggunakan One Way Anova dengan tarif signifikan 5%. Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa ada pengaruh berbagai konsentrasi ekstrak tuba (Derris elliptica) terhadap kematian lalat rumah (Musca domestica) dengan variasi konsentrasi 0%, 25%, 35% dan 45% dengan nilai sig. pada uji One Way Anova sebesar 0,000. Ekstrak tuba (Derris elliptica) pada konsentrasi 45% merupakan konsentrasi yang paling efektif terhadap kematian lalat rumah (Musca domestica), dengan rata-rata kematian lalat sebanyak 17,5 ekor atau sebesar 87,5 %. Kepustakaan : 22 buku, 2 jurnal, 2 web. Kata Kunci : Ekstrak, tanaman tuba (Derris elliptica), Lalat rumah (Musca domestica

STUDI CROSS SECTIONAL TENTANG PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP MASYARAKAT TENTANG PENGGUNAAN LETHAL OVITRAP DI KOTA SALATIGA

Lethal ovitrap is a new alternative in dengue vector control (Aedes spp.) that needs to be socialized to the public. A study of community knowledge and attitudes towards the use of lethal ovitrap as a vector control tool is required as initial data before field application. The purpose of the study was to describe the knowledge and attitudes of the community towards the use of lethal ovitrap before it was applied in the field. An analytical description study with a cross sectional design was conducted in Pulutan Village, Salatiga City. A total of 107 respondents were taken by proportional random sampling to be interviewed. The results showed that 54.30% of respondents had low knowledge and 57.05% of respondents had a less supportive attitude towards the application of lethal ovitrap. In general, the knowledge and attitude of the community towards lethal ovitrap as a vector control tool is still low. Knowledge and gender variables were shown to be significantly related to the supportive attitude given by the community to the application of lethal ovitrap. Education about lethal ovitrap needs to be done before installing lethal ovitrap in the community.   Abstrak Lethal ovitrap merupakan salah satu alternatif baru dalam pengendalian vektor dengue (nyamuk Aedes spp.) yang perlu disosialisasikan ke masyarakat. Studi tentang pengetahuan dan sikap masyarakat terhadap penggunaan lethal ovitrap sebagai alat pengendali vektor diperlukan sebagai data awal sebelum aplikasi lapangan. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mendeskripsikan pengetahuan dan sikap masyarakat terhadap penggunaan lethal ovitrap sebelum diaplikasikan di lapangan. Studi deskripsi analitik dengan rancangan cross sectional yang dilakukan di Kelurahan Pulutan, Kota Salatiga. Total 107 responden yang diambil secara proportional random sampling untuk di wawancarai. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 54,30% responden memiliki pengetahuan rendah dan 57,05% responden memiliki sikap kurang mendukung terhadap aplikasi lethal ovitrap. Secara umum pengetahuan dan sikap masyarakat terhadap lethal ovitrap sebagai alat pengendalian vektor masih rendah. Variabel pengetahuan dan jenis kelamin terbukti secara signifikan berhubungan dengan sikap mendukung yang diberikan masyarakat terhadap aplikasi lethal ovitrap. Edukasi mengenai lethal ovitrap perlu dilakukan sebelum pemasangan lethal ovitrap di masyarakat

Wing geometry analysis as a potential tool for species identification for Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Indonesia

In the last decade, wing geometry has been investigated intensively as an alternative powerful method for solving taxonomic problems in insects. The objectives of this research were to describe wing geometry variation among seven Anopheles species and to confirm the sensitivity of wing geometry analysis for identifying single specimen of Anopheles mosquito. Thus, the potential of wing geometry analysis as an alternative tool for species identification for Anopheles mosquitoes can be recognized. Left wing of seven Anopheles species were detached and photographed. Wing geometry was represented by 18 landmarks (LMs). Wing geometry analysis was conducted by MorphoJ and tps software series. Comparison among species and identification simulation were done using canonical variate analysis (CVA). Wing geometry was successfully discriminated and grouped seven Anopheles species into correct subgenera and series. This method also gave good results in identifying single specimen. Nine out of 11 specimens (81, 8%) obtained identification results that match their phylogenetic relationships. Weakness using wing geometry in species identification can be overcome by adding template species. In conclusion, wing geometry analysis has good potential to be used as an alternative tool for species identification for Anopheles mosquito in Indonesia

The Effect Of Conditioned Medium Adipose Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells In Urothelial Carcinoma Culture Cells Viability

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to gives a perspective in CM-ADMSCs effect in urothelial bladder cancer viability. Material & Methods: Human bladder cell carcinoma type 5637 was used as the subject of this in vitro study. This study contains four different groups: untreated control group, Culture medium: hADMSCs with 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4 concentration group. Each group consists of 6 replications to prevent bias of the study. Viability was determined with MTT assay methods and evaluation performed after 48 h exposure of conditioned medium. Results: A post hoc test was conducted to analyze the data. The 5637 bladder cancer cell line demonstrated significantly decreased viability after exposure to culture medium: CM-hADMSCs 1:1 (p: 0.002) compared to the negative control group, but there are no significant differences in viability between the control groups with groups that were exposed to culture medium: CM-hADMSCs 1:2 and culture medium: CM-hADMSCs 1:4 with p: 0.480 and p: 0.060 respectively. Conclusion: Decreased viability of urothelial bladder cancer cells after exposure to CM-hADMSCs occurs at a concentration of 1:1 and Dosage addition more than 1:1 concentration doesn’t give any advantages

THE EFFECT OF CONDITIONED MEDIUM ADIPOSE DERIVED MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS IN UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA CULTURE CELLS VIABILITY

Objective: This study aimed to gives a perspective in CM-ADMSCs effect in urothelial bladder cancer viability. Material & Methods: Human bladder cell carcinoma type 5637 was used as the subject of this in vitro study. This study contains four different groups: untreated control group, Culture medium: hADMSCs with 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4 concentration group. Each group consists of 6 replications to prevent bias of the study. Viability was determined with MTT assay methods and evaluation performed after 48 h exposure of conditioned medium. Results: A post hoc test was conducted to analyze the data. The 5637 bladder cancer cell line demonstrated significantly decreased viability after exposure to culture medium: CM-hADMSCs 1:1 (p: 0.002) compared to the negative control group, but there are no significant differences in viability between the control groups with groups that were exposed to culture medium: CM-hADMSCs 1:2 and culture medium: CM-hADMSCs 1:4 with p: 0.480 and p: 0.060 respectively. Conclusion: Decreased viability of urothelial bladder cancer cells after exposure to CM-hADMSCs occurs at a concentration of 1:1 and Dosage addition more than 1:1 concentration doesn’t give any advantages