Efektifitas Daun Kersen (Muntinga Calabura L.) Dalam Menurunkan Jumlah Bakteri Dalam Susu Dan Peradangan Pada Ambing Sapi Perah

Indonesia has a huge potency of medical plants. However the utilization for livestock health and production are limited. A research was conducted to determine the efficacy of Muntinga calabura L. leaves to reduce bacterial population in milk using postmilking teat dip method with Muntinga calabura leaves solution in the concentration of 20%, 30% and 40%. The degree of mammary inflammation was observed using California Mastitis Test (CMT). The result showed that the bacterial population in milk were reduced by 79.36%, 71.12% and 73.84% with Muntinga calabura solution (in the concentration of 20%, 30% and 40%, respectively). The bacterial counts among the treatment groups were similar (P>0.05). Compared with synthetic antiseptic povidone iodine, the reduction of bacterial population in milk did not differ (P>0.05) with the Muntinga calabura groups. Postmilking teat dip using povidone iodine reduced bacterial population in milk by 79.36%. Moreover, the CMT reading were decrease by 39.96%, 34.76% and 31.15% in the Muntinga calabura groups (solution concentration of 20%, 30% and 40% respectively). The CMT results of Muntinga calabura groups were comparable (P>0.05) with iodine group (35.16%). In conclusion, our results indicated that Muntinga calabura leaf can be use as an alternative teat dip antiseptic to reduce bacterial population in milk and it can be use for sub clinical mastitis treatment

Promoting gender, equity, human rights and ethnic equality in neglected tropical disease programmes.

Limited attention to tackling neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) through the lenses of gender, equity, ethnicity and human rights inadvertently undermines progress due to the exclusion of subgroups in populations living in conditions of vulnerability. Supporting national NTD programmes to make equity analysis part of their routine activities and revitalising intersectoral collaboration will be essential to achieve effective, sustainable service delivery with a person-centred approach. Gender, equity, human rights and ethnic equality for NTD programmes should therefore be incorporated in multisectoral engagements

Dried-Blood Sampling for Epstein-Barr Virus Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA Serology in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Screening▿

Dried-blood (DB) samples on filter paper are considered clinical specimens for diagnostic use because of the ease of collection, storage, and transport. We recently developed a synthetic-peptide-based immunoglobulin A (IgA) (EBNA1 plus viral capsid antigen [VCA]-p18) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) screening. Here, we evaluate the use of two filter papers for DB sampling, i.e., Schleicher & Schuell (S&S) no. 903 and Whatman no. 3; the DB samples were either taken directly from a finger prick or spotted from a Vacutainer blood collector. The elution of DB samples on filter paper was optimized and tested for IgG and IgA reactivity by ELISA (EBNA1 plus VCA-p18) and compared to simultaneously collected plasma samples. The results showed that both types of filter paper can be used for sample collection in NPC diagnosis by using either finger prick or blood spot sampling. Both DB sampling methods produced comparable ELISA (EBNA1 plus VCA-p18) results for IgG and IgA reactivity in 1:100-diluted plasma samples. DB samples of whole blood or finger prick blood show correlation coefficients (r2) of 0.825 to 0.954 for IgA on S&S no. 903 filter paper, 0.9133 to 0.946 for IgA on Whatman no. 3 filter paper, 0.807 to 0.886 for IgG on S&S no. 903 filter paper, and 0.819 to 0.934 for IgG on Whatman no. 3 filter paper. Using plasma IgA as a reference, DB sampling showed sensitivities and specificities of 75.0 to 96.0% and 93.5 to 100%, respectively. DB samples could be stored at 37°C for 1 to 4 weeks on S&S no. 903 filter paper and 1 to 6 weeks on Whatman no. 3 filter paper without a significant loss of reactivity, with provision of transport options for tropical conditions. IgA proved to be more stable than IgG. Whatman no. 3 filter paper is a more economical yet diagnostically comparable alternative to S&S no. 903 filter paper. Finger prick DB sampling is proposed for NPC diagnosis, particularly for remote hospitals and field screening studies