Development of a method to identify change in the pattern of extreme streamflow events in future climate: Application on the Bhadra reservoir inflow in India

Study region: Bhadra basin (1968 km2), located in peninsular India, is considered for demonstration. Study focus: A general framework to assess the impact of climate change on the pattern of daily extreme streamflow events is proposed. Whereas, the impact is confirmed in the recent literature for most of the hydrologic variables at monthly/seasonal time scale, assessment and quantification at finer time scale, e.g. daily, is challenging. Complexity increases for the derived hydrologic variables, such as soil moisture and streamflow as compared to primary hydrologic variables, such as precipitation. The proposed general framework is demonstrated with the daily inflow to the Bhadra reservoir. Different statistical limits of extremes are defined and change in daily extreme pattern (number and magnitude) in the future (2006–2035) is assessed with respect to the baseline period (1971–2000). New hydrological insights for the region: Demonstration of the proposed methodology with the inflow to Bhadra reservoir reveals that the daily extreme events are expected to increase in number with the increase in the threshold of the extreme. For a particular threshold, the average magnitude of the extreme events in the future is found to be higher as compared to the baseline period. However, for monthly totals the case is not the same − it remains almost similar. The methodology, being general in nature, can be applied to other locations in order to assess the future change in streamflow and other derived variables

2-(2,3,4,9-Tetra­hydro-1H-carbazol-1-ylidene)propane­dinitrile

In the title mol­ecule, C15H11N3, the dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the fused pyrrole ring is 1.07 (5)°. The cyclo­hexene ring adopts an envelope conformation: the dicyano­methyl­ene group at position 1 has a coplanar orientation. An intra­molecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bond generates an S(7) ring motif. Inter­molecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds form an R 2 2(14) ring in the crystal. A C—H⋯π inter­action involving the benzene ring is also found in the structure

2,5-Dimethyl-7,8,9,10-tetra­hydro­cyclo­hepta­[b]indol-6(5H)-one

In the title mol­ecule, C15H17NO, the dihedral angle between the benzene and pyrrole rings is 1.45 (13)°. The cyclo­heptene ring adopts a slightly distorted boat conformation. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds are found

1-(1-Hy­droxy-8-methyl-9H-carbazol-2-yl)ethanone

The title compound, C15H13NO2, crystallizes with four independent mol­ecules (A, B, C and D) in the asymmetric unit. The carbazole units are almost planar [maximum deviations = 0.015 (3) for A, 0.024 (3) for B, 0.026 (3) for C and 0.046 (3) Å for D]. In all four mol­ecules, there is an O—H⋯O hydrogen bond involving the hy­droxy substituent and the carbonyl O atom of the adjacent acetyl group, which forms a six-membered ring. In the crystal, the four independent mol­ecules are linked via N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O inter­actions

Effect of Temperature induction response on Cell viability, Cell Survivability, Malondialdehyde content and total soluble protein content of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes

“Temperature Induction Response” (TIR) technique was employed to investigate the effect of temperature on popular 20 cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes in a laboratory experiment conducted at the Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during 2020-2021. Identical sized ten days old cotton seedlings were selected and subjected to inductive temperature (gradual temperature raised from 28 to 40℃) for 4 h and non-inductive temperature (46℃ for 3 h, 47℃ for 3 h, 48℃ for 3 h and 48℃ for 4 h) for specific time duration. KC3 and SVPR6 recorded highest thermotolerance among the genotypes and TSH325 and TSH357 showed moderate thermotolerance while TSH375 and TSH383 were sensitive, in terms of seedling survival, cell viability, total soluble protein and malondialdehyde compared to remaining genotypes under non-inductive temperature

Impact of elevated temperature on root traits and microbial interaction in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes

Climate change mainly alters the plant phyllosphere and rhizosphere resource allocations. Compared with shoot parameters, there is less information about how roots, especially root system architecture (RSA) and their interactions with others, may respond to elevated temperature changes. These responses could greatly influence different species acquisition of resources and their competition with their neighbours. The main aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of ambient temperature (T1) and elevated temperature (+4oC) (T2) in Open-top chamber (OTC) on root traits and microbial interaction changes in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). A pot experiment was conducted at the Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, during 2020-2021 to investigate the root traits and microbial interactions. Cotton varieties, namely KC3, SVPR6, TSH325, TSH357 and TSH375 were screened at the seedling level for cellular thermo tolerance and further, at the root level, these selected varieties were studied against the elevated temperature condition for 10 days in OTC during the stage of flowering to boll development period along with control temperature condition. Root interactions' intensity and direction may fluctuate as a result of variations in RSA responses between species. Negative root interactions could become more intense under high temperature circumstances and species with bigger roots and greater early root growth had stronger competitive advantages. The present findings showed that elevated temperatures promote various microbial growths in the geothermal regions, enhancing the root angle and root length of cotton species. Among the genotypes, KC3 and SVPR6 performed better under elevated temperatures.

3-Methyl-3,4-dihydro-9H-carbazol-1(2H)-one

In the title mol­ecule, C13H13NO, the dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the fused pyrrole ring is 2.03 (5)°. The methyl group at the 3-position has an equatorial orientation. The cyclo­hexene ring adopts an envelope conformation. Three C atoms of the cyclo­hexene ring, with their attached H atoms, and all atoms of the methyl group are disordered over two positions, the site-occupancy factors being 0.883 (2) and 0.117 (2). In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are stabilized by inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. A C—H⋯π inter­action, involving the benzene ring, is also found

7,8,9,10-Tetra­hydro­cyclo­hepta­[b]indol-6(5H)-one

In the title mol­ecule, C13H13NO, the dihedral angle between the benzene and pyrrole rings is 1.05 (5)°. The cyclo­heptene ring adopts a slightly distorted boat conformation. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds form centrosymmetric dimers. A C—H⋯π inter­action, involving the benzene ring, is also found in the structure