STUDY OF VERTICAL DISTANCE BETWEEN SUPRAORBITAL FORAMEN AND INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN AMONG NORTH INDIAN HUMAN DRY SKULLS

Objectives: The aim of study was to document the positional distance of supraorbital foramen (SOF) in relation to Infraorbital foramen (IOF), which is necessary for periorbital procedures. Materials and Methods: A total of 72 dry human skulls of unknown age and gender from North India, were studied. In each skull, distance between supraorbital and IOF was measured on both sides using a metal casing Vernier Caliper. Results: The mean distance between inferior wall of SOF and superior wall of IOF was found to be 40.81 (±6.66) mm on the left side and 40.91 (±6.15) mm on the right side. The overall value for both sides was 40.86 (±6.28) mm Conclusion: Precise knowledge about distance between supraorbital and IOF have important bearings on orbital and periorbital procedures. It provides guidance for anesthesiologists and facial surgeons

Influence of balanced fertilization on productivity and nutrient use efficiency of cereal based cropping systems

Increasing the use efficiency of nitrogen in system mode was always a concern due to escalating input cost of fertilizer. The “researcher designed farmer managed trials” were conducted in farmers’ field during 2009 -10 at 27 districts covering 17 states. A total of 192 trials in rice-rice, 233 in rice (Oryza sativa L.) -wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), 48 in rice- greengram and 77 in maize-wheat system were conducted with five common treatments, viz. control, recommended quantity of N alone, NP, NK and NPK in all the locations and cropping systems. Application of recommended quantity of NPK in all the systems recorded higher yield and increase was found to be more than 50% in maize (Zea mays L.) -wheat and rice-rice systems and > 30% in rice-greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] and rice-wheat systems over application of N alone. On an average additional yield of 2 794 kg rice equivalent yield (REY)/ha was realized, in cereal based systems with application of all the nutrients together instead of N alone. Among the various systems, maize-wheat was found to respond well to balanced application as it recorded 162% increase in yield over control. Partial factor productivity (PFP) of N, can be increased by >50% in rice-rice and maize-wheat system through application of recommended dose of NPK. Efficiency of applied nutrients measured in the form of agronomic efficiency was found to be >100% for all the systems under balanced application compared to N alone, or with P with K. Similarly combined application increased the P and K efficiency in all the systems with maize-wheat recording the highest efficiency of K. Relative response of treatment over control also displayed similar trend. Marginal returns due to application of NPK together was found to be 136.7, 24.5, 11.5 and 46.4% higher in rice-rice, rice-wheat, rice-greengram and maize-wheat systems respectively over application of N alone. Balanced application of N, P and K was found to increase the system productivity and nutrient use efficiency of cereal based systems

Area Planning Approach to Rural Development and the Problem of Consistency Between Local and National Planning

The centralized approach to planning pursued so far in poor countries of Asia and Africa has not succeeded in bringing about widespread change in rural life. The trickle down effect has failed, and with it has come a growing realization of the need to make a direct attack on the problem of rural poverty by initiating action at the local level through an area planning approach whereby plans for the integrated development of small areas would be formulated and implemented by local people (Nyerere; and Government of India, 1978a). This planning from below, or grass roots planning, is expected to result in plans for better utilization of rural resources, through local people having better awareness of their needs and preferences and fuller information on the conditions and possibilities of their areas. The area level planners, having a more intimate knowledge of the interdependence of activities at the micro level, would be in a better position to develop integrated programmes which avoid duplication and produce maximum impact with minimum cost. Moreover, a better implementation of development programmes would be ensured through more realistic planning and greater involvement of local people in plan formulation and implementation (Government of India, 1978b). However, it is not always realized that, in view of the economies of scale which may be present, an overriding concern with decentralized planning, in particular with the objectives of local self-reliance and full utilization of local resources to the neglect of comparative advantage and regional specialization, may tend to offset the beneficial aspects of area planning mentioned above, and, therefore, need not result in an optimal situation. Whether or not it will result in a consistency between local and national plans in an interdependent, multiregional economy is another and a far more important question; for the failure of aggregate supply to match with aggregate demand, or of the structure of production to be in harmony with the composition of national demand is bound to have an unfavourable effect on the pace of development, especially in a public sector dominated economy like India's where supply and demand imbalances tend to provide grounds for slow working of enterprises resulting in delayed execution of projects. However, in the absence of much work on decentralized planning, very little is known on this aspect (Arrow and Hurwicz, Goreux and Manne; Malinvaud; Uzawa; and Westphal). Hence, it is proposed to examine this question in some detail, spell out its implications for rural development, and deal with the manner in which the problem posed here can be resolved. The discussion will be conducted primarily in the light of the institutional characteristics of the Indian economy and against the background of its considerable experience of development. However, the treatment of the subject matter will be made as general as possible

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PERITONEAL MAST CELLS OF ALBINO RAT USING TWO TYPES OF FIXATIVES

Objectives: To make a comparative study of histological and histochemical properties of peritoneal mast cells in albino rat using neutral buffered formalin and formal alcohol as fixatives. Methods: The stretch preparation from Albino rat peritoneum was made on chemically clean glass slides and immediately placed into the fixatives. Results: With toluidine blue (pH 4.4), the mast cells stained deep purple and similar reaction was obtained with toluidine blue at pH 2. These staining reactions indicate the presence of substantial amount of heparin trisulfate, small amount of heparin monosulfate, and neutral mucopolysaccharide. Conclusion: Heparin trisulfate is an active form of heparin and is the main constituent of the mast cell granules of the albino rat

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Not AvailableIncreasing the use efficiency of nitrogen in system mode was always a concern due to escalating input cost of fertilizer. The “researcher designed farmer managed trials” were conducted in farmers’ field during 2009 -10 at 27 districts covering 17 states. A total of 192 trials in rice-rice, 233 in rice (Oryza sativa L.) -wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), 48 in ricegreengram and 77 in maize-wheat system were conducted with five common treatments, viz. control, recommended quantity of N alone, NP, NK and NPK in all the locations and cropping systems. Application of recommended quantity of NPK in all the systems recorded higher yield and increase was found to be more than 50% in maize (Zea mays L.) -wheat and rice-rice systems and > 30% in rice-greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] and rice-wheat systems over application of N alone. On an average additional yield of 2 794 kg rice equivalent yield (REY)/ha was realized, in cereal based systems with application of all the nutrients together instead of N alone. Among the various systems, maize-wheat was found to respond well to balanced application as it recorded 162% increase in yield over control. Partial factor productivity (PFP) of N, can be increased by >50% in rice-rice and maize-wheat system through application of recommended dose of NPK. Efficiency of applied nutrients measured in the form of agronomic efficiency was found to be >100% for all the systems under balanced application compared to N alone, or with P with K. Similarly combined application increased the P and K efficiency in all the systems with maize-wheat recording the highest efficiency of K. Relative response of treatment over control also displayed similar trend. Marginal returns due to application of NPK together was found to be 136.7, 24.5, 11.5 and 46.4% higher in rice-rice, rice-wheat, rice-greengram and maize-wheat systems respectively over application of N alone. Balanced application of N, P and K was found to increase the system productivity and nutrient use efficiency of cereal based systems.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableCropping systems with differential requirement and contribution in modifying the rhizosphere by different crops provide newer challenge as well as opportunity for management to achieve higher input productivity for water and nutrients. Although, more than 250 double cropping systems are adopted in the country, the major contribution to food basket remains with the few cereal based systems such as rice-wheat, rice-rice, rice-gram, rice-sorghum, maize-wheat, maize-gram, soybean-wheat and sugarcane-wheat due to their extent of cultivation. Agronomic research conducted at on and off farm with these systems brought out a significant change in terms of productivity and profitability besides enhanced input use efficiency. Alternate efficient cropping systems for the existing predominant cropping systems involving replacement and substitution principles developed for 15 agriculturally important agro-climatic regions at both on-station and on-farm have contributed for significant improvement of the regions. Cropping systems, which are ably planned and executed show promise for better efficiency of water, nutrient and weed control. Besides, careful selection of crops in the system, management practices such as tillage, residue management, nutrient, water and weed plays critical role in deciding the overall make up and output of the system. In order to achieve the targeted food production of 450 to 500 mt in 2050, cropping systems research has to play a vital role of enhancing the land use efficiency as per capita availability of agriculture land is decreasing at a fast rate (0.48 ha in 1951 to 0.14 ha in 2001). Cropping systems will continue to form as a major module in farming systems management which are pursued to provide sustainable livelihood for about 90 % of land holdings consisting of small, marginal and semi-medium categories of farm house holds.Not Availabl

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