The late-time development of the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability

Measurements have been made of the growth by the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability of nominally single-scale perturbations on an air/sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) interface in a large shock tube. An approximately sinusoidal shape is given to the interface by a wire mesh which supports a polymeric membrane separating the air from the SF6. A single shock wave incident on the interface induces motion by the baroclinic mechanism of vorticity generation. The visual thickness delta of the interface is measured from schlieren photographs obtained singly in each run and in high-speed motion pictures. Data are presented for delta at times considerably larger than previously reported, and they are tested for self-similarity including independence of initial conditions. Four different initial amplitude/wavelength combinations at one incident shock strength are used to determine the scaling of the data. It is found that the growth rate decreases rapidly with time, ddelta/dt[proportional]t–p (i.e., delta[proportional]t1–p), where 0.67<~p<~0.74 and that a small dependence on the initial wavelength lambda0 persists to large time. The larger value of the power law exponent agrees with the result of the late-time-decay similarity law of Huang and Leonard [Phys. Fluids 6, 3765–3775 (1994)]. The influence of the wire mesh and membrane on the mixing process is assessed

Utilisation of Iron Oxide Waste through Cold Bonded Pelletisaion

India is endowed with large reserves of iron ore. Mech-anised mining generates considerable amount of iron ore fines. Additionally, large quantities of slimes are generated from washing of ores at mine-heads.Further, many coal based rotary kiln sponge iron plants are generating huge quantities waste fines within their works. In addi-tion, in integrated steel plants, a lot of iron oxide rich wastes are generated. Some of them are generated mixed with carbon particles or hydrocarbons (oil, etc.). All these pose problems both with respect to economy and ecology. In RDCIS, work was carried out to pelletise iron ore fines after mixing with up to 10% non-coking coal, and utilise these composite pellets in coal based rotary kiln DR plants. These pellets were cold bonded so that carbon is retained for- reduction purpose. After extensive laboratory investigations, these pellets were tested in a rotary kiln DR plant.Composite pellets reduced much faster as compared to lump ore.Metallisation level of over 90% was achieved consistently. Kiln productivity increased and energy consumption decreased substantially.The plant trials established the suitability of composite pellets for DRI production in rotary kilns

Impact of Cultural Elements on Brand Preferences An Explorative Research

Building a brand and creating a professional image requires a thorough understanding of culture. Different civilizations have unique passions, convictions, values, and traditions. Culture-specific expectations and boundaries exist. Products and services reflect culture, and they frequently express the symbolic cultural meaning associated with them. A marketer has an advantage over rivals by being aware of the culture and family structure and consumption patterns. Cultural variables have a big impact on people's decisions to purchase and consume. The research aimed to verify whether there is an impact of cultural elements on brand preference and whether their profile factors differentiate the impact of culture on brand preference. The research reveals that the influence of culture on brand choice is consistent across age groups, family sizes, family types, jobs, and respondents' religious affiliations. Regarding how culture influences brand choice, male and female responses differ significantly. The languages that they speak have an impact on how much culture impacts brand preferences. Keywords: Culture, Brand, Preference, Cultural Elements. JEL Classification: M 31 DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/15-10-03 Publication date:May 31st 202

Single-generation Network Coding for Networks with Delay

A single-source network is said to be \textit{memory-free} if all of the internal nodes (those except the source and the sinks) do not employ memory but merely send linear combinations of the incoming symbols (received at their incoming edges) on their outgoing edges. Memory-free networks with delay using network coding are forced to do inter-generation network coding, as a result of which the problem of some or all sinks requiring a large amount of memory for decoding is faced. In this work, we address this problem by utilizing memory elements at the internal nodes of the network also, which results in the reduction of the number of memory elements used at the sinks. We give an algorithm which employs memory at the nodes to achieve single-generation network coding. For fixed latency, our algorithm reduces the total number of memory elements used in the network to achieve single-generation network coding. We also discuss the advantages of employing single-generation network coding together with convolutional network-error correction codes (CNECCs) for networks with unit-delay and illustrate the performance gain of CNECCs by using memory at the intermediate nodes using simulations on an example network under a probabilistic network error model

Bacterial flora associated with the selected life stages and organs of farmed giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)

Bacteria associated with different life stages of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man) were analyzed. The gill, hepatopancreas, haemolymph of brood and juveniles as well as the egg, larvae and larval rearing water were sampled to understand the quantity and the quality of bacteria associated with the animals.A total number of 93 representative isolates were identified. The identified bacterial isolates could be distributed in to 14 genera. A mean bacterial total plate count (TPC) of 4.5x105 colony forming units (cfu) g-1 in eggs, 6.0x106 cfu g-1 in larvae and 4.6x105 cfu ml-1 in water were observed. Among all the organs highest TPC of 3.5x107 cfu g-1 were observed in juvenile’s gills. The brood haemolymph was found to be devoid of any bacteria. Identification of isolates representing different colony morphotype indicated that 89.77% of the bacterial population was gram negative dominated by Aeromonas hydrophilla (16.74%), Enterobacter aerogenes (12.09%) and Citrobacter frundii (10.16%). Among Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus, Streptococcus and Micrococcus were identified. Study of quantitative and qualitative aspects of bacterial prevalence with the different life stages of M. rosenbergii would be helpful in identification of disease causing bacteria and therefore in better management of M.rosenbergii culture