Physical Properties of Orange Peels Eco-enzyme: One way to Reduce and Recycle Waste and Environmental Problem

A high quantity of organic waste without proper waste management can endanger public health and environmental sustainability. To reduce the risk that can be caused by organic waste pollution, then there should be a solution. One of them is to make eco-enzyme. Eco-enzyme is a fermented solution from organic waste that can be used as floor cleaner, plant disinfectant, hand sanitiser, plant fertilizer, etc. A good eco-enzyme solution has special properties. One of them is the low-value power of Hydrogen (pH). In this study, other physical properties of eco-enzyme are analyzed. Eco-enzyme was produced from organic waste. Here, Sunkist orange peel and various mixtures of orange peel were used as the main materials of eco-enzyme. The eco-enzyme solutions were carried out for 33 days, accompanied by routine monitoring by reviewing physical parameters such as pH, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), and Electrical Conductivity (EC) values. The results showed the characteristics of the eco-enzyme product by physical properties are the eco-enzyme has an acidic with a low pH value (1000 ppm) and EC (>1500mS/cm). The finding is TDS and EC have high value whereas usually high EC and TDS are owned by polluted liquids

Identification of Mud volcano’s structure using gravity satellite and fault fracture density analysis: case study Ciuyah Mud Volcano, Kuningan, West Java

Mud volcanoes, known as mud extrusion phenomenon, is a geological feature that expels suspended fine-grained sedimentary materials and fluids to the surface due to buoyancy and pressure difference. This geological feature is found almost all over the world and formed in compressional tectonic environments, one of which is the Ciuyah Mud Volcano, Kuningan, Indonesia. Previous studies have shown that the appearance of the mud volcano was influenced by tectonic activity that formed a ‘hypothetical’ fault structure as a pathway for mud migration and extrusion to the surface. Integration of geophysical studies using satellite gravity and geology using fault fracture density analysis was conducted to prove the existence of the ‘hypothetical’ fault structure. The results show that the mud volcano site is located in a low to high gravity anomaly pattern associated with significant density contrast differentiation followed by the maximum value of FHD and low-high SVD pattern oriented west southwest - east northeast (WSW - ENE). The gravity anomaly pattern can be associated with the presence of faults. This is reinforced by the fault fracture density map which shows that the mud volcano site is located in a medium to high fracture density zone (weak zone) associated with good permeability conditions below the surface. Thus, the research results have proven the existence of a ‘hypothetical’ fault as the migration and extrusion pathway of Ciuyah Mud Volcano mud that has been studied previously