A Novel Data Augmentation Technique for Out-of-Distribution Sample Detection using Compounded Corruptions

Modern deep neural network models are known to erroneously classify out-of-distribution (OOD) test data into one of the in-distribution (ID) training classes with high confidence. This can have disastrous consequences for safety-critical applications. A popular mitigation strategy is to train a separate classifier that can detect such OOD samples at the test time. In most practical settings OOD examples are not known at the train time, and hence a key question is: how to augment the ID data with synthetic OOD samples for training such an OOD detector? In this paper, we propose a novel Compounded Corruption technique for the OOD data augmentation termed CnC. One of the major advantages of CnC is that it does not require any hold-out data apart from the training set. Further, unlike current state-of-the-art (SOTA) techniques, CnC does not require backpropagation or ensembling at the test time, making our method much faster at inference. Our extensive comparison with 20 methods from the major conferences in last 4 years show that a model trained using CnC based data augmentation, significantly outperforms SOTA, both in terms of OOD detection accuracy as well as inference time. We include a detailed post-hoc analysis to investigate the reasons for the success of our method and identify higher relative entropy and diversity of CnC samples as probable causes. We also provide theoretical insights via a piece-wise decomposition analysis on a two-dimensional dataset to reveal (visually and quantitatively) that our approach leads to a tighter boundary around ID classes, leading to better detection of OOD samples. Source code link: https://github.com/cnc-oodComment: 16 pages of the main text, and supplemental material. Accepted in Research Track ECML'22. Project webpage: https://cnc-ood.github.io

Buckling load for telescopic cylinder using successive approximation method

In this manuscript, a new way of determining the buckling load of the two-stage both end-hinged, single acting hydraulic cylinder has been engrossed using successive approximation method. The method has been extended from single stage hydraulic cylinder to the two-stage hydraulic cylinder mounted with pin support at both ends. This method includes a few numbers of iterations required in order to achieve good accuracy or in other words getting the minimum error. Further, finite element analysis of the hydraulic cylinder has also been performed for the validation purpose. The buckling mode shape for three different modes and their corresponding buckling load has also been obtained using the finite element method. The approximation of the buckling load corresponding to the first buckling mode shape has been performed and observed load lies in the close vicinity of theoretical calculation. The critical load obtained using a successive approximation method after two iteration shows the minor deviation of 3.63%

Buckling load for telescopic cylinder using successive approximation method

853-859In this manuscript, a new way of determining the buckling load of the two-stage both end-hinged, single acting hydraulic cylinder has been engrossed using successive approximation method. The method has been extended from single stage hydraulic cylinder to the two-stage hydraulic cylinder mounted with pin support at both ends. This method includes a few numbers of iterations required in order to achieve good accuracy or in other words getting the minimum error. Further, finite element analysis of the hydraulic cylinder has also been performed for the validation purpose. The buckling mode shape for three different modes and their corresponding buckling load has also been obtained using the finite element method. The approximation of the buckling load corresponding to the first buckling mode shape has been performed and observed load lies in the close vicinity of theoretical calculation. The critical load obtained using a successive approximation method after two iteration shows the minor deviation of 3.63%

Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density

Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data

Prevalence of Hamstring Tightness in Young Orthopaedic Surgeons

g is a group of muscles that form an important part of core muscles (lumbo-pelvic and hip complex) and their tightness may reduce the lumbar lordosis thereby potentially decreasing the absorption of force, affecting posture, range of motion of lower limbs and increasing the possibility of developing Low Back Pain (LBP). It was planned to test hamstring tightness in group of Orthopaedic Surgeons as this group has been shown to be prone to develop back pain. Aim: To find prevalence of hamstring tightness in young Orthopaedic Surgeons who do not suffer from back pain. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted at a tertiary care centre. Eighty two Orthopaedic Surgeons, between ages 24-35 years, were enrolled in the study. The height and weight of the subjects were recorded using a standardised medical scale. Age and medical history were recorded using a questionnaire. Knee extension angle were measured by active knee extension test. Less than 20 degree was considered normal. A 21-30 degree was regarded as mild tightness, 31-40 degree as moderate tightness and >40 degree as severe tightness. Results: Eleven surgeons (12.9%) did not have any hamstring tightness on either side. Rest all had some degree of hamstring tightness. There was no side predominance for hamstring tightness and both sides were equally involved (p=0.67). The mean tightness on right side was 30.83 degree and left side was 31.11 degree. Further, there was no relation of Body Mass Index (BMI) and hamstring tightness. Conclusion: Prevalence of hamstring tightness is very high among young Orthopaedic Surgeons

Cu-Catalyzed C(sp²−H)-Trifluoromethylation of Aldehyde Hydrazones with Langlois Reagent

The C(sp2−H)-trifluoromethylation of hydrazones would give access to the α-trifluoromethylated hydrazones that can serve as intermediates in the synthesis of pharmaceutically interesting fluorinated compounds. Herein, we demonstrate the Cu-catalyzed C(sp2−H)-trifluoromethylation of the aldehyde hydrazones using the readily available and cost effective Langlois reagent (sodium trifluoromethanesulfinate). This reaction is broadly applicable to a series of aromatic aldehyde N-aminomorpholine hydrazones to give the corresponding C(sp2)-trifluoromethyl hydrazones in moderate to high yields. The reaction generally tolerates a series of electron-releasing as well as electron-withdrawing substituents on the aromatic ring

N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Trifluoromethylation of Aromatic N-Tosylaldimines

Nucleophilic trifluoromethylation of aromatic N-tosylaldimines has been achieved using trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane (TMSCF3) in the presence of the in situ generated N-heterocyclic carbene catalysts. Aromatic N-tosylaldimines with electron-withdrawing as well as electron-donating groups on the aryl ring afforded the corresponding trifluoromethylated sulfonamides in moderate to good yields

Differential Response of Oyster Shell Powder on Enzyme Profile and Nutritional Value of Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus florida PF05

Oyster mushroom Pleurotus florida was cultivated on different combinations of wheat straw (WS) as basal substrate and oyster shell powder (OSP) supplement. The OSP supplementation considerably responded to different cultivation phases. The mycelium grew fast and showed rapid growth rate (8.91 mmd−1) in WS + OSP (97 + 3) combination while WS + OSP (92 + 8) showed maximum laccase (3.133 U/g) and Mn peroxidase (MnP) activities (0.091 U/g). The climax level of laccase (5.433 U/g) and MnP (0.097 U/g) was recorded during fruit body initiation in WS + OSP (97 + 3) and WS + OSP (98 + 2) combinations, respectively. The WS + OSP (97 + 3) combination represented the best condition for mushroom cultivation and produced the highest biological efficiency (147%). In addition, protein and lipid contents in fruit bodies were slightly improved in response to OSP. The carbohydrate was significantly increased by raising concentration of OSP. The highest values of protein, carbohydrate, and lipid noted were 31.3 μg/g, 0.0639 (g/g), and 0.373 (g/g) correspondingly. Conclusively it was evident that lower concentrations of OSP acted positively and relatively to higher concentrations and improved nutritional content which may suitably be used to enhance both yield and nutritional values of mushroom

Rubber stamp impressions: A study of defects and their significance in questioned document examination

The sole objective of a forensic document examiner is to assist in discovering and proving the facts in any investigation or legal inquiry involving genuineness of a document or any part thereof. A document is usually questioned because its origin, content, or the circumstances and story of its production arouse serious suspicion as to its genuineness. It may also be adversely scrutinized simply because it displeases someone with its unexpected provisions, and a careful examination may show conclusively that the document is indeed genuine. The increasing use of many kinds of documents is among the characteristics of civilization. Taking into account the opportunities for fraud this offers and the imperfection of human nature, it is not strange that now and then a document appears which does not belong in the genuine class. As it relates to document examination, rubber stamp identification is closely akin to handwriting and typewriting analysis. Identifying a particular stamp, type-, or handwriting and determining when it was performed, its possible source, and circumstances of production – these are the chief aims of any initial examination. Rubber stamps may be individualized at any stage of the manufacturing process, even back-tracking to imperfections in the metal typefaces, but more commonly, unique characteristics are the effect of use, misuse, wear, and even age of the stamp. The present study discusses the steps in manufacturing a rubber stamp and the causes of defects leading to its identification, as well as attempts to examine the stamp impressions on the basis of the defects induced by these factors

Delayed Repair of Infected Ruptured Patellar Tendon using Suture Anchors

Patellar tendon rupture are rare injuries that are easily missed in acute phases if careful clinical examination is not carried out. The delayed condition is further difficult to treat and augmentation of end to end repair is generally required. However, literature presents no such case of delayed presentation with presence of infection. We here present one such case of delayed presentation of patellar tendon rupture at three weeks in a 52-year-old male patient. Usual techniques were not sufficient to allow early rehabilitation. Technique of suture anchors was planned for repair after thorough debridement. After this intervention, patient was put on aggressive rehabilitation protocol and he gained excellent range of motion. Patient was followed for one year and he showed no loss of movement or signs of infection. We thus recommend using anchor suture repair of patellar tendon that provides a stable and rigid fixation with possibility of early active rehabilitation even in delayed setting