Prática do aleitamento materno em comunidades rurais do semi-árido baiano

A Research project in the establishment and duration of total and exclusive breast-feeding in rural communities of Cansação, BA, Brazil, is presented. It included 226 children, from zero to two years old, of families of peasants living on small-holdings in one of the driest and poorest regions of the Brazilian Northeast. The data were collected through questionnaires answered by mothers or any adult responsible for the child during 1988 and 1989. It relates to all children from these families who were two years of age at the time of the study. The survival time was the statistical method used to calculate the median duration of breast-feeding; 91.6% of the 226 children started to be breast-fed. This finding shows that the establishment of the breast-feeding was high. The median duration of total breast-feeding was of 90.28 days and exclusive breastfeeding presented a median duration of 0.1 day. Through the establishment of breast-feeding can be considered high, the median duration of total breast-feeding is extremely short and that of exclusive breast-feeding insignificant.Com o objetivo de conhecer p estabelecimento e duração do aleitamento materno total e exclusivo em comunidades rurais do Semi-Árido Baiano, Brasil, foram estudadas 226 crianças de O a 2 anos de idade, filhas de pequenos produtores rurais que vivem numa das regiões mais secas do nordeste brasileiro, de pobreza absoluta. Os dados referem-se a todas as crianças da família que à data do estudo tinham até 2 anos de idade. Os dados foram coletados por meio de formulários aplicados às mães ou responsáveis pelo menor, no período de 1988 a 1989. A tábua de vida foi o recurso estatístico utilizado para o cálculo da duração mediana do evento. Das 226 crianças que integraram o estudo, 91,6 iniciaram a amamentação ao peito. A duração mediana do aleitamento total foi de 90,28 dias e o aleitamento exclusivo apresentou duração mediana de 0,1 dia. Ainda que o estabelecimento da amamentação ao peito possa ser considerado alto, a duração mediana do aleitamento total foi extrememente curta, e o aleitamento exclusivo foi desprezível

Reductions in the Prevalence and Incidence of Geohelminth Infections following a City-wide Sanitation Program in a Brazilian Urban Centre

In the city of Salvador, a large urban centre in Northeast Brazil, a city-wide sanitation intervention started in 1997, aiming to improve the sewerage coverage of households from 26% to 80%. Our aim was to study the impact of the intervention on the prevalence and incidence of geohelminths in the school-aged population. The longitudinal study comprised two cohorts: from the beginning of 1997 to 1998, where data was collected before the intervention, and at the end of 2003 to 2004, after the intervention. Copro-parasitological examinations were carried out on every individual from both cohorts, at the start and nine months later. Demographic, socio-economic, and environmental data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires. The variables utilized to demonstrate the effects of intervention, when utilized together in a multivariate model, accounted for a 100% observed reduction in the prevalence ratio (PR) and incidence ratio (IR). As well as proving that the variables associated with the effect of the program intervention were mediators in this reduction, the reduction in the PR and IR between these periods demonstrated that modifications to the urban environment, particularly those associated with sanitary sewage systems, affected the health of the population, significantly reducing the prevalence of geohelminths

Impact of a Citywide Sanitation Program in Northeast Brazil on Intestinal Parasites Infection in Young Children

BACKGROUND: Sanitation affects health, especially that of young children. Residents of Salvador, in Northeast Brazil, have had a high prevalence of intestinal parasites. A citywide sanitation intervention started in 1996 aimed to raise the level of sewer coverage from 26% to 80% of households. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the impact of this intervention on the prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichuria, and Giardia duodenalis infections in preschool children. METHODS: The evaluation was composed of two cross-sectional studies (1998 and 2003-2004), each of a sample of 681 and 976 children 1-4 years of age, respectively. Children were sampled from 24 sentinel areas chosen to represent the range of environmental conditions in the study site. Data were collected using an individual/household questionnaire, and an environmental survey was conducted in each area before and after the intervention to assess basic household and neighborhood sanitation conditions. Stool samples were examined for the presence of intestinal parasites. The effect of the intervention was estimated by hierarchical modeling, fitting a sequence of multivariate regression models. FINDINGS: The prevalence ofA. lumbricoides infection was reduced from 24.4% to 12.0%, T. trichuria from 18.0% to 5.0%, and G. duodenalis from 14.1% to 5.3%. Most of this reduction appeared to be explained by the increased coverage in each neighborhood by the sewage system constructed during the intervention. The key explanatory variable was thus an ecological measure of exposure and not household-based, suggesting that the parasite transmission prevented by the program was mainly in the public (vs. the domestic) domain. CONCLUSION: This study, using advanced statistical modeling to control for individual and ecological potential confounders, demonstrates the impact on intestinal parasites of sanitation improvements implemented at the scale of a large population

Determinants of cognitive function in childhood: A cohort study in a middle income context

BACKGROUND: There is evidence that poverty, health and nutrition affect children's cognitive development. This study aimed to examine the relative contributions of both proximal and distal risk factors on child cognitive development, by breaking down the possible causal pathways through which poverty affects cognition. METHODS: This cohort study collected data on family socioeconomic status, household and neighbourhood environmental conditions, child health and nutritional status, psychosocial stimulation and nursery school attendance. The effect of these on Wechsler Pre-School and Primary Scale of Intelligence scores at five years of age was investigated using a multivariable hierarchical analysis, guided by the proposed conceptual framework. RESULTS: Unfavourable socioeconomic conditions, poorly educated mother, absent father, poor sanitary conditions at home and in the neighbourhood and low birth weight were negatively associated with cognitive performance at five years of age, while strong positive associations were found with high levels of domestic stimulation and nursery school attendance. CONCLUSION: Children's cognitive development in urban contexts in developing countries could be substantially increased by interventions promoting early psychosocial stimulation and preschool experience, together with efforts to prevent low birth weight and promote adequate nutritional status

Childhood diarrhoea symptoms, management and duration: observations from a longitudinal community study.

This study examined the evolution and duration of diarrhoea episodes observed in a community setting, with regard to symptoms and carers' responses. The study group comprised 1156 children, aged 0-36 months, who were followed-up with twice-weekly home visits in 30 sampling areas in the city of Salvador, northeast Brazil. A total of 2403 diarrhoea episodes (mean duration: 2.9 days) were recorded. The number of soft/liquid motions per day (3.6) did not vary significantly with duration, but other symptoms were more commonly reported in the longer episodes. However, when the data were analysed by day of the episode, rather than the episode's overall duration, the reported frequency of fever and vomiting declined significantly with time. During the course of an episode, rehydration, medication and care-seeking also showed a decline in frequency after the first or second week. As episodes continue, less rehydration and medical care are provided by carers, whereas they ought to be maintained because of the continued purging and cumulative effect of the symptoms. Since most cases of diarrhoea are managed at home, it is important to understand how to encourage better management of the longer episodes, which cause an increasing proportion of mortality in some countries

Prevalence and intensity of infection by intestinal parasites in school-aged children in the City of Salvador (Bahia State, Brazil)

Submitted by Ana Lucia Teixeira ([email protected]) on 2019-09-12T14:37:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Prevalência e intensidade da infecção por parasitasintestinais em crianças na idade escolar na Cidade de Salvador.pdf: 24881 bytes, checksum: a4efd883baa2dd8c24d70a0f30b6749e (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Ana Lucia Teixeira ([email protected]) on 2019-09-12T17:20:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Prevalência e intensidade da infecção por parasitasintestinais em crianças na idade escolar na Cidade de Salvador.pdf: 24881 bytes, checksum: a4efd883baa2dd8c24d70a0f30b6749e (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2019-09-12T17:20:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Prevalência e intensidade da infecção por parasitasintestinais em crianças na idade escolar na Cidade de Salvador.pdf: 24881 bytes, checksum: a4efd883baa2dd8c24d70a0f30b6749e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001Universidade Federal da Bahia. Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Salvador, BA, Brasil.Universidade Federal da Bahia. Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Salvador, BA, Brasil.Universidade Federal da Bahia. Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Salvador, BA, Brasil.Universidade Federal da Bahia. Instituto das Ciências da Saúde. Salvador, BA, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Presidência. Programa de Computação Científica. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Universidade Federal da Bahia. Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Salvador, BA, Brasil.Universidade Federal da Bahia. Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Salvador, BA, Brasil.Como parte de um estudo para avaliar as relações entre mudanças ambientais e ocorrência de infecções, estudou-se a prevalência e intensidade de parasitas intestinais em uma amostra de crianças em idade escolar, residentes em Salvador. A prevalência de infectados por pelo menos um protozoário/helminto foi 66,1%. A prevalência da infecção por helmintos, se eleva com o aumento da idade das crianças, sendo os meninos mais intensamente infectados.As part of a major study to evaluate the relationship between environmental changes and occurrence of the infection, prevalence and intensity of infection by intestinal parasites was studied in a sample of school children aged 7 to 14 years living in the City of Salvador. The prevalence of infection by at least one species of protozoa or helminth was 66.1%. Prevalence of infection by helminths increased with age. For all helminth species male children presented the highest prevalence

Environmental indicators of intra-urban hetererogeneity Indicadores ambientales para detectar la heterogeneidad intra-urbana Indicadores ambientais para detectar heterogeneidade intraurbana

A large number of human diseases are related to poor access to water and sewer systems, inadequate solid waste management and deficient storm water drainage. The goal of this study was to formulate environmental sanitation indicators and classify sanitation conditions in specific sewer basins and their respective neighborhoods. The database used contains information on the following sanitation components in these areas: water supply, sewer systems, urban drainage, road pavement, building typology and public cleaning. Data was analyzed using cluster analysis. The key variable of each component was identified, and eight sewer basins and twenty-three neighborhoods were classified into the following categories: good, regular, and poor. The use of environmental sanitation indicators allows decision makers to identify critical areas and define priorities for improving environmental sanitation conditions.<br>Varias enfermedades que afectan a los seres humanos están vinculadas a la deficiencia en el acceso a servicios de agua y alcantarillado, la gestión inadecuada de los residuos sólidos y el deficiente sistema de drenaje de aguas pluviales. Este estudio trata de desarrollar indicadores de salud ambiental y clasificar las áreas dentro de las ciudades. Se utilizó una base de datos que contiene información sobre: limpieza urbana, abastecimiento de agua, alcantarillado, drenaje y calles, pavimentación de las calles y tipología de construcción en diferentes barrios. Se aplicó la técnica de clúster para el análisis de datos. Se identificó la variable que mejor representa cada componente y veintitrés áreas de la ciudad se clasificaron en tres categorías: buena, regular y mala. El uso de indicadores de salud ambiental permitió la identificación de áreas críticas y el establecimiento de prioridades en la inversión para la salud y mejora del medio ambiente.<br>Várias patologias que acometem os seres humanos estão ligadas à deficiência de acesso a água e serviços de esgotamento sanitário, inadequado manejo de resíduos sólidos e deficiência do sistema de drenagem das águas pluviais. Este estudo buscou desenvolver indicadores sanitário ambientais e classificar áreas intraurbanas. Utilizou-se uma base de dados contendo informações sobre: abastecimento de água, sistema de esgoto, drenagem e limpeza urbana, pavimentação e tipologia construtiva referentes a bacias de esgotamento sanitário e áreas sentinela. Foi aplicada a técnica de analise de cluster. Identificou-se a variável que melhor representava cada componente, e oito bacias de esgotamento e vinte e três áreas sentinelas foram classificadas em três categorias: boa, regular e insatisfatória. O uso de indicador sanitário ambiental permitiu a identificação de áreas críticas e o estabelecimento de prioridades de investimentos para as melhorias sanitário ambientais

Overweight, asthma symptoms, atopy and pulmonary function in children of 4-12 years of age: findings from the SCAALA cohort in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between overweight and the occurrence of asthma and atopy in a cohort of children of 4-12 years of age living in the city of Salvador in 2005. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study nested in a cohort. SETTING: The metropolitan region of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. SUBJECTS: The study included 1129 children of 4-12 years age who presented complete information on the variables used here. Skin tests for allergy, spirometry, faecal parasitology, serum IgE and anthropometric surveys were conducted. Poisson's multivariate regression was adopted. RESULTS: Wheezing was found in 29·1% and asthma in 22·8% of children, both conditions being more common in those under 6 years of age and 34% more common in overweight children (prevalence ratio (PR) = 1·34; 95% CI 1·07, 1·67) following adjustment. The ratio between forced expiratory volume in 1s and forced vital capacity was associated with overweight (PR = 1·35; 95% CI 1·11, 1·61). No statistically significant association was found between overweight and allergen-specific IgE or with wheezing. CONCLUSIONS: These results are in agreement with the hypothesis that overweight is associated with asthma and pulmonary function, even following adjustment for intervening variables known to be associated with the pathogeny of asthma

Environmental indicators of intra-urban hetererogeneity

A large number of human diseases are related to poor access to water and sewer systems, inadequate solid waste management and deficient storm water drainage. The goal of this study was to formulate environmental sanitation indicators and classify sanitation conditions in specific sewer basins and their respective neighborhoods. The database used contains information on the following sanitation components in these areas: water supply, sewer systems, urban drainage, road pavement, building typology and public cleaning. Data was analyzed using cluster analysis. The key variable of each component was identified, and eight sewer basins and twenty-three neighborhoods were classified into the following categories: good, regular, and poor. The use of environmental sanitation indicators allows decision makers to identify critical areas and define priorities for improving environmental sanitation conditions