Pharmacological intervention of nicotine dependence

Nicotine dependence is a major cause of mortality and morbidity all over the world. Various medications have been tried to treat nicotine dependence including nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, and varenicline. A newer venture to nicotine dependence treatment is a nicotine vaccine which is yet to get footsteps in common practice. The present review assimilates various pharmacotherapeutic measures to address nicotine dependence. However, it is to be noted that psychological interventions, when combined with pharmacotherapy, offer the greatest benefits to the patients

A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF LOOP DRAINAGE OF SUBCUTANEOUS ABSCESS- A NEW GOLD STANDARD?

<p>Abscess is a common ailment presenting to the Surgical OPD and Emergency on a daily basis. Conventionally, incision and drainage(ID) by making an incision in the most fluctuant part and later packing the cavity with a wick has been practised(1). We postulate a newer method of loop drainage(LD) of the cavity should be the new Gold Standard. This study aims to compare clinical outcome on conventional incision and drainage versus loop drainage of subcutaneous abscess. Study design was a prospective, observational study. Study was conducted in Silchar Medical College, from 23/12/2022 - 23/06/2023 , with a total of 120 patients. Of the 120 patients followed up, 48 underwent ID and 72 underwent LD. LD patients had a better pain profile post operatively on FLACC and Likert scales (</p> <p>-7.62 D1, 5.46 D3, 4.05 D5), lower treatment failure rate(</p> <p>-10.8%), more favourable scar formation(POSAS patient and observer </p> <p>-17.52, </p> <p>- 10.30). Latex loops had better scores than PVC loops(POSAS </p> <p>- 15.30, </p> <p>- 9.45 vs </p> <p>-18.34, </p> <p>- 12.45). Loop drainage of abscess, especially with Latex Loops have lower failure rates, better compliance and better clinical outcomes. Especially in paediatric patients where ID is more difficult and cumbersome and loss to follow up more common, LD should no doubt be considered the new Gold Standard in surgical practice. </p&gt

Clozapine induced eosinophilia

Clozapine is associated with a number of side effects and careful monitoring of them is a very important aspect of management of the patients receiving the same. Common side effects of clozapine are sedation, sialorrhoea, weight gain etc. Rarely clozapine is also associated with eosinophilia. Here we present a case of schizoaffective disorder who was receiving clozapine and developed eosinophilia during the initial weeks of treatment with clozapine which came down to baseline after a few weeks of continuation of therapy. Although there are reports of eosinophilia developing in course of treatment with clozapine among patients suffering from schizophrenia but this may be the first case of eosinophilia associated with clozapine use in case of schizoaffective disorder

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Network: A Combinatorial Paradigm for Risk Prediction

<div><p>Risk prediction for a particular disease in a population through SNP genotyping exploits tests whose primary goal is to rank the SNPs on the basis of their disease association. This manuscript reveals a different approach of predicting the risk through network representation by using combined genotypic data (instead of a single allele/haplotype). The aim of this study is to classify diseased group and prediction of disease risk by identifying the responsible genotype. Genotypic combination is chosen from five independent loci present on platelet receptor genes <i>P2RY1</i> and <i>P2RY12</i>. Genotype-sets constructed from combinations of genotypes served as a network input, the network architecture constituting super-nodes (e.g., case and control) and nodes representing individuals, each individual is described by a set of genotypes containing M markers (M = number of SNP). The analysis becomes further enriched when we consider a set of networks derived from the parent network. By maintaining the super-nodes identical, each network is carrying an independent combination of M-1 markers taken from M markers. For each of the network, the ratio of case specific and control specific connections vary and the ratio of super-node specific connection shows variability. This method of network has also been applied in another case-control study which includes oral cancer, precancer and control individuals to check whether it improves presentation and interpretation of data. The analyses reveal a perfect segregation between super-nodes, only a fraction of mixed state being connected to both the super-nodes (i.e. common genotype set). This kind of approach is favorable for a population to classify whether an individual with a particular genotypic combination can be in a risk group to develop disease. In addition with that we can identify the most important polymorphism whose presence or absence in a population can make a large difference in the number of case and control individuals.</p> </div

Single nucleotide polymorphic positions at <i>P2RY1</i> and <i>P2RY12.</i>

<p>Polymorphic and corresponding restriction enzyme cutting sites at <i>P2RY1</i> and P2RY12 (<i>Distance between two sites is not in proper scale</i>).</p

The strategy of our work is described by the illustration.

<p>The chart shows the strategy employed in the present analysis. The way of doing the whole analyses is described sequentially through the chart. The methods involved in the network based analysis and further the consistency of the outcome of Network based approach and the conventional statistical methods are also described.</p

A network through which we represent the segregated pattern of combined genotypic data of case (acute coronary syndrome) and control population (healthy).

<p>The 5 SNPs of each individual are combined to form super-set genotypes in both case and control. Thirty five unique genotype combinations are observed of which 14 combinations are specific to cases (marked as red), 7 combinations are specific to controls (marked as green) and 14 combinations are present in both case and control (marked as brown). The number of occurrences of each particular genotype combinations is illustrated through its corresponding edge-width.</p