Comparative pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone and tazobactam (8:1) between healthy and Escherichia coli induced diarrhoeic birds

Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli infection of poultry causes significant economic losses. Extended spectrum β lactamases (ESBL) producing E. coli was inoculated in a broiler, Rhode Island Red and Haringhata Black birds orally at 56×108 c.f.u. mL-1 for induction of diarrhoea. Pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone-tazobactam combination (8:1) was studied following a single intramuscular injection at 28.125 mg kg-1 and the combination was administered twice daily to treat such infection. Plasma concentration of both ceftriaxone persisted up to 8 h in experimental birds and maintained an approximate ratio of 8:1 with tazobactam for a period of 2 h, 0.25 h and 0.75 h, respectively in a broiler, Rhode Island Red and Haringhata Black birds. The Kel was significantly lower in all experimental birds compared to healthy birds. Efficacy study was conducted in diarrhoeic birds by administration of ceftriaxone-tazobactam combination at 28.125 mg kg-1 body weight twice daily intramuscularly for three days which caused an increase in specific antibody titre in the broiler on 5th day and in Rhode Island Red birds 10th day. However, Haringhata black birds were inherently showed more resistance towards the infection. The combination of ceftriaxone and tazobactam in the ratio of 8:1 can be an effective treatment to combat ESBL producing E. coli infections

Sedimentation patterns during the Precambrian : a unique record?

Although the similarities between depositional processes and products as well as the analogous controls on basin-filling and evolution appear to have enjoyed great uniformity throughout the sedimentary rock record, a noticeable distinction exists in the rates and intensities of a broad range of geological processes in the Precambrian epoch. This paper searches for distinctiveness in the Precambrian sedimentary record, both siliciclastic and carbonate, through an extensive, though not exhaustive, review of the relevant literature augmented by new observations. While differences in Precambrian deltaic, aeolian, glacial and possibly also lacustrine deposits and settings appear to have been small, their large-scale development was controlled largely by a combination of temporal and geodynamic influences, essentially of global compass. In this regard the onset of the supercontinent cycle and major perturbations in palaeo-atmospheric composition appear to have been significant. Marine environments provide a poor platform for PrecambrianePhanerozoic comparisons of sedimentation patterns, as those from the former period are preserved almost exclusively in epeiric settings, an environment essentially lacking on modern Earth. For the shallow marine carbonates, biological mediation of chemical sediment deposition changed radically from dominance by microbial biota in the Precambrian to a combination of metazons, protozoans and algae for the skeletal carbonates of the Phanerozoic. Despite it being widely recognized that Precambrian channel systems were braided in all environments (deltaic, tidal, alluvial, fluvial) as a consequence of the lack of vegetation and poor development of soils, the fluvial setting has some enigmatic aspects. Amongst these is evidence for ponding of muddy detritus in apparently sandstone bed-load dominated braided systems, with effects on local palaeoslopes which have resulted in unusual palaeohydraulic parameters for Precambrian fluvial systems. This is perhaps a field of research which holds greater promise when investigating sedimentation patterns prior to the Phanerozoic.SS acknowledges field grants from the CSIR, Government of India and the INSA-DFG for providing a fellowship to work with WA in Munich on molar tooth structure. PGE thanks both the University of Pretoria and the National Research Foundation of South Africa for funding.http://www.elsevier.com/locate/marpetgeonf201

Gauge symmetry and W-algebra in higher derivative systems

The problem of gauge symmetry in higher derivative Lagrangian systems is discussed from a Hamiltonian point of view. The number of independent gauge parameters is shown to be in general {\it{less}} than the number of independent primary first class constraints, thereby distinguishing it from conventional first order systems. Different models have been considered as illustrative examples. In particular we show a direct connection between the gauge symmetry and the W-algebra for the rigid relativistic particle.Comment: 1+22 pages, 1 figure, LaTeX, v2; title changed, considerably expanded version with new results, to appear in JHE

Topics in Noncommutative Geometry Inspired Physics

In this review article we discuss some of the applications of noncommutative geometry in physics that are of recent interest, such as noncommutative many-body systems, noncommutative extension of Special Theory of Relativity kinematics, twisted gauge theories and noncommutative gravity.Comment: New references added, Published online in Foundations of Physic

Effect of extract of <i>Withania Somnifera </i>on dehydration-induced oxidative stress-related uremia in male rats

Dehydration or water deprivation in the body decreases urinary excretion and allows urea and other protein waste products to accumulate in the blood. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the association of uremia and oxidative stress by applying the herbal plant Withania somnifera (W. somnifera) (Aswagandha). The study was performed on male Wister strain rats in which, dehydration was achieved by water withdrawal. A total of 18 rats were studied and were randomly divided into three Groups: Group-1, control, Group-2, only dehydration and Group-3, dehydration &#x002B; administration of aqueous root extract of W. somnifera, orally (50 mg/100 gm body weight/day) for 25 days. After 25 days of treatment, it was observed that the body weight of Group-3 animals had increased significantly, while that in Group-2 had decreased significantly. The liver enzymes in both blood and kidneys did not show any significant change in the three groups implying absence of any toxicity of the root extract. In Group-2 animals, the serum urea and creatinine levels increased sig-nificantly when compared with animals in Groups-1 and 3. The low levels of serum urea and crea-tinine in Group-3 animals indicates the protective effect of the plant extract against renal injury caused by dehydration. Dehydration-induced oxidative stress was established in our study by noting the low activities of super-oxide dismutase and catalase, both important antioxidant enzymes, in Group-2 animals; both enzymes were stabilized in animals of Groups-3 and 1. In conclusion, it is hypothesized that there is an antioxidative role of W. somnifera resulting in reducing the extent of renal injury as a result of oxidative stress

Approaches to the stereoselective synthesis of (+)-lactacystin utilizing organocatalytic reactions

1075-1085Efforts toward a stereoselective synthetic route to (+)-lactacystin based on organocatalytic transformations and intramolecular amino hydroxylation for creating the tetrasubstituted stereogenic center are described. Tethered aminohydroxylation of an allylic carbamate following Donohue's protocol affords a regioisomeric amino alcohol derivative, while Lewis acid promoted epoxide opening by a trichloroacetimidate yields a tetrahydrofuran derivative

Sensing of ethanol and other alcohol contaminated ethanol by conducting functional poly(o-phenylenediamine)

Poly(o-phenylenediamine) with amine (–NH2) functional group substitutions was chemically synthesized from the monomer o-phenylenediamine using ammonium persulfate oxidant in sulphuric acid medium. The synthesized polymer was soluble in organic solvent like dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl formamide, etc. The sensing layer was fabricated by a simple drop coating method using the polymer solution in DMSO and the layer was doped with sulfuric acid doping using optimized doping conditions. An average resistance of the doped polymer layer was observed as 2–5 MΩ. The doped conducting polymer layer was used as chemiresistor for the successful sensing of ethanol and methanol or isopropanol contamination in ethanol. The response of doped polymer layer was examined under continuous flow of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethanol/methanol, and ethanol/isopropanol with air mixture at room temperature (25 ± 3 °C) and room humidity (65 ± 5%). The sensing mechanism for doped functional poly(o-phenylenediamine) through –NH2 group substitutions was explored with the help of various standard characterizations

Sensing of Higher Alcohols and Selective Sensing of Iso-Amyl Alcohol by Poly (o-Phenylenediamine) Nanofiber

Nanofiber of semiconducting poly(o-phenylen-ediamine) (PoPD) with free =NH functional groups synthesized in dimethyl sulfoxide by reverse salting-out process was employed as chemiresistive sensor for the successful sensing of aliphatic alcohols vapor. The resistivity of PoPD nanofiber in its self-charge separated form was decreased upon exposure of various alcohol vapor, viz., methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, t-butanol, 1-pentanol, and hexanol with air mixture at room temperature (30±2 °C) and room humidity (65±5%). The film of PoPD nanofiber was responded strongly towards the methanol and ethanol vapor irrespective of their concentration above 50 ppm with air flow due to having strong interaction with such small molecules. However, the vapor of higher alcohols at room temperature could also be detected considering their differences in the % responses at varying concentrations. Interestingly, the film of PoPD nanofiber could be used for selective sensing of iso-amyl alcohol vapor, as the resistivity was increased in presence of vapor of iso-amyl alcohol with air. The sensing mechanism was established on the basis of the different interactions of PoPD nanofiber with the aliphatic alcohols analyzed from the spectroscopic characterizations

Paramagnetic ruthenium(III) ortho-metallatedcomplexes. Synthesis, spectroscopic and redoxproperties

The reaction of (CS)Cl(PPh3)2RuII (μ-Cl)2 RuII (PPh3)2Cl(CS), A with the phenolic Schiff base ligands o-(OH)C6H4C(H)⊗N-C6H4(R), (R=p-OMe, Me, H, Cl, NO2; H2L1-H2L5) in methanol under aerobic conditions afforded the complexes RuIII(HL)2(PPh3) Cl, 1 and RuIII(L)(PPh3)(CH3OH)Cl, 2. In complexes 1 both the ligands (HL-) are bound to the metal center at the deprotonated phenolic oxygen and azomethine nitrogen and in the complexes 2 the L2- is in tridentate C,N,O mode where cyclometallation takes place from the ortho carbon atom of the amine fragment of H2L. During the reaction the metal ion is oxidized from the starting RuII in A to RuIII in the products 1 and 2. The complexes (1 and 2) are nonconducting and behave as one-electron paramagnets. Complexes display rhombic EPR spectra that have been analyzed to furnish values of axial (ν ) and rhombic (V) distortion parameters as well as energies of the two expected ligand field transitions (ν 1 and ν 2) within the t2 shell. One of the transitions (ν 2) has been observed in the predicted region. The complexes exhibit moderately strong ligand-to-metal charge-transfer transition in the visible region and intraligand transitions in the UV region. The complexes are electroactive and show ruthenium (IV)-ruthenium(III) (E½ , 0.75-0.88 V vs. Ag/AgCl) and ruthenium(III)-ruthenium(II) (E½ , -0.42 to -0.59 V) couples. The E½ values vary linearly with the Hammett constant of the substituents R. The role of coordination of phenolato function in stabilizing the unusual paramagnetic ruthenium(III) oxidation state in the complexes 2 is noted

Stereoselective Synthesis of the Macrolactone Core of (+)-Neopeltolide

A stereoselective synthesis of the macrolactone core of the potent anticancer agent neopeltolide is disclosed. The key steps of the synthesis include asymmetric allylation using Krische’ protocol, conjugate reduction using MacMillan’s methodology, and an asymmetric hetero-Diels–Alder reaction using Jacobsen’s catalyst. Substrate controlled diastereoselective 1,3-<i>anti</i> reduction of a keto alcohol, Luche reduction followed by Ireland–Claisen rearrangement, oxymercuration, and reductive lithiation are other key steps