Energy Aware Genetic Algorithm for Independent Task Scheduling in Heterogeneous Multi-Cloud Environment

Cloud datacentres contain a vast number of processors. The rapid expansion of cloud computing is resulting in massive energy usage and carbon emissions which has reported a substantial increase day by day. Consequently, the cloud service providers are looking for eco-friendly solutions. The energy consumption can be evaluated with an energy model, which identifies that, server energy consumption scales linearly with resource (cloud) utilization. This research provides an alternate solution to task scheduling problem which designs an optimized task schedule to minimize the makespan and energy consumptions in cloud datacenters. The proposed method is based on the principle of Genetic Algorithm (GA). In the context of task-scheduling using GA, chromosomal representation is considered as a schedule of set of independent tasks mapped with available cloud or machine in the proposed methodology. A fitness function is taken to optimize the overall execution time or makespan. Energy consumption is evaluated based on minimum makespan value. The proposed technique also tested upon synthesized and benchmark dataset which outperforms the conventional cloud task scheduling algorithms like Min-Min, Max-Min, and suffrage heuristics in heterogeneous multi-cloud system

Energy Aware Genetic Algorithm for Independent Task Scheduling in Heterogeneous Multi-Cloud Environment

776-784Cloud datacentres contain a vast number of processors. The rapid expansion of cloud computing is resulting in massive energy usage and carbon emissions which has reported a substantial increase day by day. Consequently, the cloud service providers are looking for eco-friendly solutions. The energy consumption can be evaluated with an energy model, which identifies that, server energy consumption scales linearly with resource (cloud) utilization. This research provides an alternate solution to task scheduling problem which designs an optimized task schedule to minimize the makespan and energy consumptions in cloud datacenters. The proposed method is based on the principle of Genetic Algorithm (GA). In the context of task-scheduling using GA, chromosomal representation is considered as a schedule of set of independent tasks mapped with available cloud or machine in the proposed methodology. A fitness function is taken to optimize the overall execution time or makespan. Energy consumption is evaluated based on minimum makespan value. The proposed technique also tested upon synthesized and benchmark dataset which outperforms the conventional cloud task scheduling algorithms like Min-Min, Max-Min, and suffrage heuristics in heterogeneous multi-cloud system

In-depth interview schedule.

BackgroundInformal caregivers played a significant role in caring for COVID-19 patients during hospitalization in Nepal. This study aimed to understand the experiences of family caregivers attending to their relatives in a COVID-19 hospital in Nepal.MethodsA descriptive phenomenological approach was adopted to understand the caregiver’s experience in supporting their relatives admitted to the COVID-19 hospital of the BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS). Thirteen caregivers of COVID-19 positive patients were purposively selected from April to June, 2022. Face-to-face interviews were conducted at a caregiver residential facility using the interview schedule developed by the department for the purpose of data collection after obtaining ethical clearance from the Institutional review committee of BPKIHS. Data were audio recorded and manually analyzed.ResultsAmong the 13 caregivers, six were male and seven were female. The findings were categorized into five domains: challenges encountered, changes in physical and mental health, changes in roles and responsibilities, positive experiences, and strategies to ease caregiving tasks. Major challenges included financial burdens, communication problems, stigmatization, Insecurity, substandard accommodation, and visitor restrictions. Caregivers reported negative emotions, unmet physical health needs, and shifts in family and occupational roles. Despite these challenges, caregivers attempted to cope positively and acknowledged the efforts of healthcare personnel and other family members. Suggestions for improving caregiving included providing essential medical and basic services within the hospital, enhancing accommodation facilities, establishing proper communication channels, and allowing visitations.ConclusionsCaregivers of COVID-19 patients face significant challenges during the caregiving process. Enhancing hospital services, promoting effective communication, fostering positive attitudes, and ensuring a safe environment can facilitate caregiving tasks.</div

Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents.

BackgroundInformal caregivers played a significant role in caring for COVID-19 patients during hospitalization in Nepal. This study aimed to understand the experiences of family caregivers attending to their relatives in a COVID-19 hospital in Nepal.MethodsA descriptive phenomenological approach was adopted to understand the caregiver’s experience in supporting their relatives admitted to the COVID-19 hospital of the BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS). Thirteen caregivers of COVID-19 positive patients were purposively selected from April to June, 2022. Face-to-face interviews were conducted at a caregiver residential facility using the interview schedule developed by the department for the purpose of data collection after obtaining ethical clearance from the Institutional review committee of BPKIHS. Data were audio recorded and manually analyzed.ResultsAmong the 13 caregivers, six were male and seven were female. The findings were categorized into five domains: challenges encountered, changes in physical and mental health, changes in roles and responsibilities, positive experiences, and strategies to ease caregiving tasks. Major challenges included financial burdens, communication problems, stigmatization, Insecurity, substandard accommodation, and visitor restrictions. Caregivers reported negative emotions, unmet physical health needs, and shifts in family and occupational roles. Despite these challenges, caregivers attempted to cope positively and acknowledged the efforts of healthcare personnel and other family members. Suggestions for improving caregiving included providing essential medical and basic services within the hospital, enhancing accommodation facilities, establishing proper communication channels, and allowing visitations.ConclusionsCaregivers of COVID-19 patients face significant challenges during the caregiving process. Enhancing hospital services, promoting effective communication, fostering positive attitudes, and ensuring a safe environment can facilitate caregiving tasks.</div

The concept mapping of themes according to domains of inquiry.

The arrow depicts the way in which each domain is related with other. (TIF)</p

Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative studies checklist.

Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative studies checklist.</p

Participant informed consent.

BackgroundInformal caregivers played a significant role in caring for COVID-19 patients during hospitalization in Nepal. This study aimed to understand the experiences of family caregivers attending to their relatives in a COVID-19 hospital in Nepal.MethodsA descriptive phenomenological approach was adopted to understand the caregiver’s experience in supporting their relatives admitted to the COVID-19 hospital of the BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS). Thirteen caregivers of COVID-19 positive patients were purposively selected from April to June, 2022. Face-to-face interviews were conducted at a caregiver residential facility using the interview schedule developed by the department for the purpose of data collection after obtaining ethical clearance from the Institutional review committee of BPKIHS. Data were audio recorded and manually analyzed.ResultsAmong the 13 caregivers, six were male and seven were female. The findings were categorized into five domains: challenges encountered, changes in physical and mental health, changes in roles and responsibilities, positive experiences, and strategies to ease caregiving tasks. Major challenges included financial burdens, communication problems, stigmatization, Insecurity, substandard accommodation, and visitor restrictions. Caregivers reported negative emotions, unmet physical health needs, and shifts in family and occupational roles. Despite these challenges, caregivers attempted to cope positively and acknowledged the efforts of healthcare personnel and other family members. Suggestions for improving caregiving included providing essential medical and basic services within the hospital, enhancing accommodation facilities, establishing proper communication channels, and allowing visitations.ConclusionsCaregivers of COVID-19 patients face significant challenges during the caregiving process. Enhancing hospital services, promoting effective communication, fostering positive attitudes, and ensuring a safe environment can facilitate caregiving tasks.</div