Monitoring Use of Antibiotic with ATC/DDD and DU 90% on Pediatric Patients at One of the Government Hospitals in East Borneo

Pediatric patients are among the recipients of most antibiotic treatment in hospitals so as to induce irrational use of antibiotics. This study aims to monitor the use of antibiotics in pediatric using ATC/DDD methods and DU 90%. This study is a descriptive study with a retrospective study by taking data from medical records to assess the use of antibiotics in pediatric patients with various diseases in the hospital. Quantitative data analysis using ATC/DDD methods showed that the widely used antibiotic was ceftriaxone 16,93% DDD. Antibiotics that include into the DU segment 90% use in the order of the largest to the smallest, respectively are ceftriaxone, metronidazole, cefotaxime, gentamycin, polymyxin B, colistin, cotrimoxazole, cefuroxime, and meropenem. The prescribing effect of short-term antibiotic use in basic medical services may increase the incidence of resistance

OPTIMASI METODE EKSTRAKSI BERBANTU MIKROWAVE DENGAN PELARUT HIJAU (ASAM SITRAT-GLUKOSA) TERHADAP KADAR POLIFENOL TOTAL DARI DAUN KADAMBA (Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Havil) MENGGUNAKAN RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

Kadamba (Mitragyna speciosa Korth Havil) merupakan salah satu tumbuhan endemik di Asia Tenggara, di Indonesia, tumbuhan ini banyak di jumpai di pulau Kalimantan. Tumbuhan ini dipercaya oleh masyarakat dapat mengobati berbagai macam penyakit. Namun, karena kandungan alkaloidnya, tumbuhan ini dilarang digunakan sebagai bahan baku obat herbal oleh Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan pengembangan metode ekstraksi untuk menarik senyawa metabolit sekunder target dan meminimalkan senyawa yang tidak diinginkan yaitu dengan menggunakan metode ekstraksi berbantu mikrowave dengan pelarut hijau (Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent) yang dioptimasi menggunakan response surface methodology (RSM). Simplisia kering daun Kadamba diekstraksi menggunakan metode ekstraksi berbantu mikrowave dengan pelarut hijau (asam sitrat-glukosa) dengan berbagai kondisi ekstraksi dengan empat faktor dan tiga level (Box Behnken Design) yang dioptimasi menggunakan RSM dengan aplikasi perangkat lunak Design Expert versi 12 berlisensi. Penetapan kadar polifenol total dilakukan menggunakan reagen Folin-Ciocalteau dan diukur absorbansinya pada spektrofotometer UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang 770 nm, serta asam gallat sebagai standar. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diperoleh kondisi optimum pada perbandingan rasio pelarut NADES (asam sitrat : glukosa) 5:1 g/g, rasio pelarut-sampel sebesar 1:20 g/mL, waktu ekstraksi selama 20 menit dan kekuatan gelombang mikro sebesar 30% dengan kadar polifenol total prediksi sebesar 314,924 ±35,95 mg GAE/g sampel, sedangkan dari hasil proses verifikasi (scale-up confirmation) yaitu dengan meningkatkan jumlah sampel yang digunakan sebanyak sepuluh kali lipat dengan Kadar polifenol total diperoleh  sebesar 427,12 ±35,95 mg GAE/g. Penelitian ini merupakan langkah awal dalam pengembangan metode ekstraksi untuk memperoleh senyawa target secara cepat, mudah, efisien, dan ramah lingkungan

GC-MS PROFILE AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM STROBILANTHES KALIMANTANENSIS LEAVES: A NEW SPECIES FROM EAST KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA

Objective: The aim was to determine the botanical, GC-MS chemical characteristics and antibacterial activity of Strobilanthes. kalimantanensis as a new species. Methods: Characterization of plants through microscopic and macroscopic analysis, isolation of essential oil (EO) by steam distillation, GC-MS analysis of essential oil content and antibacterial effectiveness tests. Results: The results of the steam distillation process of essential oil produced yield 0.547%, clear and has fresh scent. GC-MS results from essential oils identified major phytochemicals, including anethole and estragole. Antibacterial activity of EO is 100 mg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus and 150 mg/ml against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus epidermidis. Conclusion: Plant with the first species reported as Strobilanthes kalimantanensis contains essential oils that have antibacterial activity

Antibacterial Activity of Scopoletin from Stem Bark of Aleurites moluccana Against Salmonella typhi

Background: Based on a previous survey of ethnopharmaceutical studies (local culture), it was known that the use of decoction of candlenut stem bark (Aleurites Moluccana) was used as typhoid medicine in the treatment tradition of the people of East Kalimantan. In antibacterial screening by diffusion test, methanol extract of stem bark A.moluccana showed excellent growth inhibition of Salmonella thypimurium. Working method: Simplicia of A.moluccana stem bark was extracted by maceration using methanol. Maserate was extracted liquid-liquid using n-hexane and ethyl acetate solvents. The hexane and ethyl acetate fraction was monitored for active spots with TLC bioautography. The active compound is separated using vacuum liquid chromatography and radial chromatography. Results: The fraction J of KCV and J2 subfraction results from radial chromatography provides antibacterial activity of S. thpimurium. From the J2 subfraction obtained pure isolates in the form of yellowish needle crystals. The isolate was tested for antibacterial S.thypimurium using the microdilution method with a value of MIC is 250 µg/ml. Based on spectroscopic data and comparing the published spectra of the compound, the elucidation of the isolate is Scopoletin (7-hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin)

Formulasi Sediaan Blush on Cream Dengan Pewarna Ekstrak Kelopak Bunga Rosella (Hibiscus sabdarifa): Formulation of Blush on Cream Preparations with Rosella Flower Petals Extract Colorant (Hibiscus sabdarifa)

Blush is a type of decorative cosmetic used to give red color in the cheeks area so that the face looks prettier, fresh and dimensional. Currently there are many blush on in the market that contain hazardous chemicals. Then a blush on made from Rosella flower extract (Hibiscus sabdariffa) containing anthocyanin pigments uses as a safer dye alternative. This blush on cream formula made using Rosella flower extract with concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5% with the resulting color of pale pink, pink and purplish pink. Evaluations test undertaken include organoleptic test, homogeneity test, spreadability test, pH test, viscosity test and stability test. The results obtained based on organoleptic test, homogeneity test, spreadability test, pH test, viscosity test shows that all three formulas entered into the required range of values

Potensi Sari Kurma (Phoenix dactylifera) sebagai Peluruh Kristal Kalsium Oksalat Secara In Vitro

Dates (Phoenix dactilyfera) contain chemical compositions that can be used as traditional medicine for Calcium oxalate of kidney stone decay. Compound in palm juice can make Calcium oxalate dissolving is flavonoid and calium . The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Palm dates juice dissolving calcium oxalate to determine the relationship between the concentration of dates palm juice with calcium solubility in kidney stones. To test its activities carried out in vitro using calcium oxalate which incubated for 3 hours with shaken out every 20 minutes at 37oC Determination of the solubility of calcium in date palm juice is by weighs insoluble calcium oxalate. Palm's juice concentration is divided into 60%, 50%, 40%, 30% and 20%. The results of these concentrations can be concluded that the juice of dates has the activity of dissolving calcium oxalate from kidney stones with average result weight in sequence 0.02 + 0.005 g; 0.02 + 0.005 g; 0.03 + 0.005 g; 0.04 + 0.005 g and 0.05 + 0.005 g. Positive control (batugin elixir) 60%, 50%,40%, 30% and 20% with in sequence result 0.08 + 0.001 g; 0.08 + 0.001 g; 0.08 + 0.005 g; 0.09 + 0.005 g; and 0.1 + 0.005 g. Negative Control result 0.11 g. The results obtained from the standard deviation are 0.031. Calcium oxalate that is not dissolved at most in the sample is 20% with an average of 0.05 + 0.005 g and the positive control is 20% of the batugine with an average of 0.1 + 0.005 g.Based on the weighing of calcium oxalate from each concentration the higher the concentration will cause the least insoluble calcium oxalate

Bioaktivitas Empat Spesies Tumbuhan dari Famili Euphorbiaceae dan Verbenaceae Di Hutan Hujan Tropis Kalimantan Timur

Latar Belakang dan Tujuan: Penggunaan biopestisida yang berasal dari tumbuhan dan mikroorganisme telah berkembang untuk menggantikan pestisida kimia yang dapat merusak keseimbangan  ekosistem. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menskrining bioaktivitas larvasida dan antimakan tumbuhan dari Famili Euphorbiacea dan Verbenacea sebagai penelitian dasar pengembangan biopestisida. Metode: Sampel segar disortasi, dibersihkan, dikeringkan dan dihaluskan hingga diperoleh serbuk simplisia kering. Serbuk simplisia diekstraksi dengan maserasi menggunakan metanol selama 2 x 24 jam. Bioaktivitas larvasida ekstrak diuji terhadap larva Artemia Salina Leach dan larva Culex fatigans, sedangkan  bioaktivitas antimakan diuji terhadap larva Tenebrio molitor. Hasil: Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diketahui bahwa ekstrak daun Lantana camara dari famili Verbenacea memiliki aktivitas LC50 yang baik terhadap Artemia Salina Leach yaitu 21,65 ppm. Bioaktivitas larvasida terhadap Culex fatigans tidak menunjukkan hasil yang memuaskan pada seluruh ekstrak yang diuji. konsentrasi terbaik terdapat pada ekstrak  Duranta erecta L. dari Famili Verbenacea dengan nilai LC95 sebesar 1.717 ppm. Hasil uji antimakan terhadap Tenebrio molitor memiliki aktivitas yang baik ditunjukkan pada ekstrak batang Euphorbia mili dari Famili Euphorbiaceae dengan IC95 sebesar 2,707 %

Isolasi Senyawa Antioksidan dari Rimpang Jahe Balikpapan (Etlingera balikpapanensis)

Jahe balikpapan (Etlingera balikpapanensis) adalah tumbuhan yang banyak ditemukan di Balikpapan, Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia. Tumbuhan ini belum diteliti khasiat dan kandungannya. Memperoleh senyawa antioksidan dari rimpang jahe balikpapan. Simplisia rimpang jahe balikpapan diekstraksi secara maserasi. Ekstrak difraksinasi dengan n-heksana, etil asetat, dan metanol. Fraksi etil asetat diisolasi berdasarkan aktivitas antioksidannya. Isolasi senyawa menggunakan metode kromatografi kolom. DPPH disemprotkan pada plat KLT untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan isolat. Kemurnian isolat diuji dengan KLT 2 dimensi. Diperoleh senyawa antioksidan yang memiliki aktivitas penghambatan terhadap DPPH

Terapi Kombinasi Air Perasan Daging Buah Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) dan Mentimun (Cucumis sativus L.) untuk Menurunkan Tekanan Darah pada Pasien Hipertensi

Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) fruit are plants that have antihypertensive activity. The active ingredient scopoletin, anthosianin, xeronin in noni and high potassium in cucumber can lower blood pressure. This study aims to determine the characteristic description, hedonic quality test and the effect of giving a combination noni and cucumber squeezed water flesh of fruit on reduction in the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of hypertension patients in Muara Jawa District, East Kalimantan. The research method used was quasi experimental and research procedures measuring pre and post test being given treatment for 7 days. The highest percentage of respondents collected data obtained are aged 36-45 years as much as 45%, women70%, junior high school education 45%, family history 60%, frequent exercise habits 55% and normal BMI 45%. The highest percentage of sample hedonic quality test collected data obtained are the flavor test was sweet by 65%, the aroma test was sharp by 75% and the texture test was soft by 75%. The results of statistical tests using the paired sample t-test method showed a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure p = 0.000 < ? (0.05) of 12.3 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure p = 0.000 < ? (0.05) of 5.4 mmHg. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that giving a combination noni and cucumber squeezed water flesh of fruit can have reduced effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure of hypertension patients

FORMULASI INFUSAN DAUN SIRIH MERAH (Piper crocatum) SEBAGAI GEL ANTISEPTIK TANGAN

Melimpahnya sumberdaya alam Indonesia khususnya dalam pemanfaatannya sebagai bahan obat maupun kosmetik.&nbsp; formulasi sediaan obat tidak hanya mengandalkan bentuk fisik sediaan yang baik tetapi juga efektivitas/khasiat yang baik. Sasaran penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh sediaan gel antiseptik dengan&nbsp; bahan aktif daun sirih merah yang efektif membunuh mikroba ditangan serta daya hambat terhadap beberapa mikroba uji yang patogen. Bahan segar diekstraksi kemudian diformulasi dengan basis gel. Sediaan gel dengan berbagai konsentrasi diuji stabilitas berdasarkan penyimpanannya. Efektifitas sediaan tersebut di uji terhadap mikroba tangan dan beberapa mikroba patogen. Potensi efektifitas sediaan diperoleh dengan membandingkan dengan sediaan kontrol berbahan aktif etanol dan triklosan.&nbsp; Sediaan gel antiseptik ekstrak daun sirih merah baik stabil pada penyimpanan suhu 18-27oC dengan pH 5,5 dan&nbsp; memiliki warna &nbsp;bening kekuningan. Konsentrasi&nbsp; sediaan gel antiseptik efektif pada 25% terhadap mikroba tangan yang setara dengan handsanitizer alkohol, sedangkan pada&nbsp; konsentrasi efektif 15% terhadap Candida albican; konsentrasi 20% terhadap Candida utilis; dan 25% terhadap Vibrio cholera, keseluruhannya setara dengan handsanitizer alkohol. &nbsp