Medication Adherence Pattern for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: Benign prostate hyperplasia is one of the most common diseases and a common cause of lower urinary tract symptoms in aging men. Various disease management approaches to optimize the patient’s long life and efficient status where patient adherence to the prescribed treatment plays a vital role. This study evaluated the medication adherence pattern of the patients to obtain successful treatment outcomes. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in out-patient department of urology in a tertiary care hospital. Patients diagnosed with benign prostate hyperplasia were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Results: The high expenses of medicine, fear of medication, lack of symptomatic relief were factors that showed statistically significant (p < 0.05) difference between adherent and non-adherent group. Similarly, the duration of diagnosis of the adherent group was significantly less than the non-adherent group including the pattern of physical activities (p < 0.05). Adherent group also had more participants working in business and services occupation compared to the non-adherent group. Conclusion: The general attitude (such as fear of medication and lack of symptomatic relief) is seen as major factors that affect adherent pattern in benign prostate hyperplasia patients. These issues can be solved using proper guidance. However, the cost of medicines also posts an immense issue for the non-adherent group

SURVEY OF CHANGE IN HUMIDITY, TEMPERATURE AND ILLUMINANCE BY USING DIFFERENT MATERIALS FOR ROOF CONSTRUCTION

A roof is uppermost part of building or shelter which plays a predominant role in protecting inner elements and living things inside structure, this protects against weather, rain, snow, heat, wind and sunlight. The protection properties of roof vary by composites with which the roof is made. In this paper analysis of temperature, humidity and illuminance properties variation due to different types of roofs, the survey made on different roofs such as R.C.C, Asbestos sheets, planks and shack type of roofs for 24 hours are compared to reading that are obtained by open place reading without any roof. This survey clearly represented that readings gradually increases when sun is at his highest point and reduces to zero in the absence of sun. This survey also revealed that using asbestos sheet roof will increases humidity of roof eventually and by using shank roof reduces the temperature, humidity, and lux values passing in to building. Hence this says that although shank roof are less strength roof compared to all roofs these can be used in arid region to reduce interior temperature and humidity, although asbestos sheets are thin layered these can be used in places where humidity and temperature is required compared to temperature and humidity outside the building

Gastrointestinal parasitism in goats and role of seasonal changes on their prevalence: A study of Nepal

Goat farming is the good source of income for people living in countryside, Nepal. This occupation supports socioeconomic living of many people in developing countries. Gastro-parasitic infections in goats can decrease the meat supply in a country where demand of goat meat is ever increasing. The objective of this study was to identify the gastrointestinal parasites in feces of goats and impact of seasonal changes on their prevalence. This is a cross-sectional study done on 212 goats from Kapilbastu, Nepal. For this study, feces of goats were collected during summer and winter and observed microscopically to find the causative organisms. The result showed the helminths from trematode (22.22%), cestode (12.5%) and nematode (65.27%) caused heavy gastrointestinal infection in 144 microscopically positive samples taken from Kapilbastu, Nepal. The major helminths were Toxocara (16.66%), Oesophagnum (8.32%), Strongyloides (6.25%) and Trichuris (4.86%) among nematodes, Fasciola  (15.97%) caused highest infection among trematode and Taenia (9.72%) among cestode. The prevalence of these infections was significantly higher during summer than winter. The higher prevalence of these helminths is the indication of supply contaminated food and water. Moreover, unawareness and ignorance about such diseases can increase the infection rate. Proper management of goat farm together with good cattle rearing training can increase the productivity

WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS: A CASE STUDY IN BYRAMANGALA LAKE WATER AND SURROUNDING GROUND WATER

A study was carried out to find out the water quality of Byramangala lake of Ramanagara district. The water quality of Byramangala lake water and ground water from bore wells situated in the area within 600 meters surrounding the lake was analyzed. The quality analysis of various parameters such as BODs, COD, DO, E-Coli, and pH, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Suspended Solids and Total Hardness were tested. In addition, the presence of metals such as Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), and Iron (Fe) in the lake water and ground water samples were tested. Results for the various tests conducted showed similar trends for both lake water and ground water. It was observed that certain parameters such as BOD5, and COD were beyond permissible limits as per the BIS standards for drinking water. A few remedial measures have been proposed that may help in mitigating the pollution in the selected project area Byramangala Lake

A Study of Electrocardiographic Changes in patients with Newly Diagnosed Primary Hypothyroidism: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: The thyroid hormones have an important role in the cardiovascular system; even minimal change in its level can cause significant alteration in the cardiac activity which can cause considerable electrocardiographic changes. We conducted this study to assess the electrocardiographic (ECG) changes in patients who were newly diagnosed with primary hypothyroidism. Methods: This study is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among 71 newly diagnosed subclinical and overt primary hypothyroidism patients visiting the out-patient department (OPD) of Universal College of Medical Sciences, Nepal from December 2018 to June 2020 after taking ethical clearance from the institutional review committee (UCMS/IRC/212/18). ECG was obtained for each patient at the time of diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism. The data were analyzed with SPSS Version 16. Results: The most common ECG changes were sinus bradycardia seen in 32.4%, followed by T wave inversion in 21.1%, low voltage QRS complex in 15.5%, and prolonged PR interval in 14.1%. ECG changes were seen in 62% of cases of newly diagnosed primary hypothyroidism. Among all patients, subclinical hypothyroidism accounted for 7%, while overt hypothyroidism accounted for 55% of the ECG findings. Conclusion: Our study found ECG changes like sinus bradycardia, T wave inversion, low QRS voltage, and prolonged PR interval in newly diagnosed primary hypothyroidism. We suggest that every newly diagnosed hypothyroid patient should be evaluated for ECG changes

Taxonomic notes on Cyperaceae of Nepal: new records of a genus, six species and other noteworthy species

This paper reports on the presence of one generic and six specific new records of Cyperaceous species for the flora of Nepal. Amongst the new discoveries are the genus Machaerina, alongside species: Eleocharis ochrostachys, Fimbristylis acuminata, F. ferruginea, F. nutans, F. thomsonii and Scleria rugosa. The taxonomy and distribution of Actinoscirpus grossus, Fimbristylis salbundia and Fuirena umbellata in Nepal are clarified through notes on nomenclature, description, distribution, specimen examination, identification keys and photographs

Strenuous Exercise-Induced Tremendously Elevated Transaminases Levels in a Healthy Adult: A Diagnostic Dilemma

The liver function test (LFT) is a commonly performed test in clinical practice in order to assess well-being of the liver; however, derangement in liver enzymes, however, may not necessarily imply an underlying liver pathology. The standard liver function test measures alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin levels (total, direct, and indirect), proteins (total protein and albumin), and PT-INR (prothrombin time and international normalized ratio). In addition to common causes, liver enzyme levels can also be elevated due to extrahepatic causes, such as muscular injury can elevate transaminases levels. Here in, we present a case of an asymptomatic healthy male who was doing vigorous exercise and presented with reports of elevated transaminase levels. During evaluation of the case, most of his reports came to be within normal range. Additionally, when reevaluated after discontinuation of vigorous exercise, 3 weeks later and then a month later, his liver enzyme levels were observed to be within normal range. Hence, we suspect that muscle damage-induced transaminitis might not have been considered in the differential diagnosis during the evaluation of a patient with raised transaminases levels and also suggest that it should be kept as a differential in the given scenario