25 research outputs found

    DESCRIPTION OF \u3ci\u3eHAKKA\u3c/i\u3e, A NEW GENUS OF JUMPING SPIDER (ARANEAE, SALTICIDAE) FROM HAWAII AND EAST ASIA

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    We describe a new genus for a jumping spider that was originally placed in the large genus Menemerus Simon 1868, from which the new genus is clearly different. They were later reclassified as Icius, then as Pseudicius, and still later as Salticus. These initial classifications were repeated by a number of authors. The distinctive features of the male, and somewhat ambiguous features of the female, do not fit any known genus; and this species is here assigned to the new genus Hakka

    Badanie zwi膮zk贸w mi臋dzy niezawodno艣ci膮 wewn臋trzn膮 i zewn臋trzn膮 a uwarunkowaniem uk艂adu w modelach Gaussa-Markova z nieskorelowanymi obserwacjami

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    The relationship between internal response-based reliability and conditionality is investigated for Gauss-Markov (GM) models with uncorrelated observations. The models with design matrices of full rank and of incomplete rank are taken into consideration. The formulas based on the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) of the design matrix are derived which clearly indicate that the investigated concepts are independent of each other. The methods are presented of constructing for a given design matrix the matrices equivalent with respect to internal response-based reliability as well as the matrices equivalent with respect to conditionality. To analyze conditionality of GM models, in general being inconsistent systems, a substitute for condition number commonly used in numerical linear algebra is developed, called a pseudo-condition^number. Also on the basis of the SVD a formula for external reliability is proposed, being the 2-norm of a vector of parameter distortions induced by minimal detectable error in a particular observation. For systems with equal nonzero singular values of the design matrix, the formula can be expressed in terms of the index of internal response-based reliability and the pseudo-condition^number. With these measures appearing in explicit form, the formula shows, although only for the above specific systems, the character of the impact of internal response-based reliability and conditionality of the model upon its external reliability. Proofs for complementary properties concerning the pseudo-condition^number and the 2-norm of parameter distortions in systems with minimal constraints are given in the Appendices. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the theory.Badany jest zwi膮zek mi臋dzy niezawodno艣ci膮 wewn臋trzn膮 bazuj膮c膮 na odpowiedziach modelu a uwarunkowaniem uk艂adu dla modeli Gaussa-Markova z obserwacjami nieskorelowanymi. Rozpatrywane s膮 przy tym modele z macierzami projektu pe艂nego i niepe艂nego rz臋du. Wzory wyprowadzone przy u偶yciu rozk艂adu macierzy ze wzgl臋du na warto艣ci szczeg贸lne (SVD) wskazuj膮 wyra藕nie, 偶e te dwa badane poj臋cia s膮 wzajemnie niezale偶ne. Przedstawione s膮 metody konstruowania dla danej macierzy projektu macierzy r贸wnowa偶nych pod wzgl臋dem niezawodno艣ci wewn臋trznej oraz macierzy r贸wnowa偶nych pod wzgl臋dem uwarunkowania. Aby umo偶liwi膰 analiz臋 uwarunkowania modeli GM stanowi膮cych w og贸lno艣ci uk艂ady sprzeczne, wyprowadzono pseudo-wska藕nik zast臋puj膮cy wska藕nik uwarunkowania uk艂adu powszechnie stosowany w numerycznej algebrze liniowej. Tak偶e na podstawie rozk艂adu SVD zaproponowano wz贸r okre艣laj膮cy niezawodno艣膰 zewn臋trzn膮 bazuj膮cy na 2-giej normie wektora zniekszta艂ce艅 parametr贸w indukowanych przez minimalny wykrywalny b艂膮d w danej obserwacji. Dla uk艂ad贸w z jednakowymi niezerowymi warto艣ciami szczeg贸lnymi wz贸r ten mo偶e by膰 wyra偶ony poprzez wska藕nik niezawodno艣ci wewn臋trznej oraz pseudo-wska藕nik uwarunkowania. Z tymi miarami wyst臋puj膮cymi w postaci jawnej, wz贸r ukazuje, chocia偶 jedynie dla powy偶szych specyficznych uk艂ad贸w, charakter wp艂ywu niezawodno艣ci wewn臋trznej i uwarunkowania modelu na jego niezawodno艣膰 zewn臋trzn膮. Dowody uzupe艂niaj膮cych w艂asno艣ci dotycz膮cych pseudo-wska藕nika uwarunkowania oraz 2-giej normy wektora zniekszta艂ce艅 parametr贸w w uk艂adach z minimalnymi ograniczeniami, zamieszczone s膮 w Dodatkach. Teoria ilustrowana jest na przyk艂adach numerycznych

    Network robustness measures based on responses to undetectable observation errors

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    The examination of the concept of network robustness to observation gross errors based on the reliability and strain analysis (see Vanicek et al 2001), has revealed some disadvantages due to a discrete nature of the network's structure. The weak sides of the strain analogy shown in (Gambin et al. 2008), specially for small networks, speak in favour of finding a non-tensor replacement for network robustness measures. One of the possible approaches, applicable to all types of geodetic networks with uncorrelated observations and sufficient for most practical purposes, could be the use of traditional concepts of internal and external reliability for assessing network robustness to observation gross crrors. Such a proposal, maintaining the maximum undetectable error in an individual observation as a source of network deformations (as in Vanicek et al. 2001), and analyzing the resulting node displacements and element deformations, is discussed and illustrated on a simple numerical example. The proposal provides a direct Iink between the robustness and the accuracy analysis of a network, and has a clear onterpretation in terms of mechanical strength analogy. As a theoretical support, deformation-oriented properties of the reliability matrix and the properties of network responses to undetectable observation errors are analyzed
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