Labour: a heterodox approach. General introduction

International audienceLabour is one of the rare markets that have almost always given rise to specific, intensive and recurrent public intervention since antiquity. Evidence dating as far back as the Code of Hammurabi (17th or 18th century BCE) shows that it was then, as it still is, one of the rare markets whose prices are subject to scaling. In Rome the labour market was governed by different rules that prefigured the guilds of the European Middle Ages. These guilds officiated for seven centuries, pronouncing for each trade a set of rules which, today, can be associated with different branches of law, such as those governing competition, consumption and labour

Hydration sequence of swelling clays exchanged with mixed alkali/alkali-earth cations

International audienceSwelling clays present a multi-scale structure and therefore a multi-scale porosity hierarchy macroporosity between aggregates / inter-particle mesoporosity / microporosity in the interlayer spacing, as described by mercury intrusion porosimetry, nitrogen adsorption and XRD experiments respectively. In this work, XRD measurements, water adsorption and calorimetry, thermoporometry, and electrical conductivity results are coupled with electrostatic calculations to investigate (i) the hydration sequence occurring in alkali/alkali-earth cations exchanged montmorillonites, and (ii) the diffusion properties of the interlayer cations. The comparison between montmorillonites saturated with homoionic alkali or alkali-earth cations and montmorillonite saturated with both alkali and alkali-earth cations leads us to elucidate the impact of the nature of cations and the possible interactions existing upon hydration.Furthermore the determination of the driving forces for hydration in swelling clays as a function of the nature of the interlayer cations allows us to better capture the dynamics of ionic exchange in swelling clays

Accessibility and dispersion of vanadyl sites of vanadium silicate-1 nanoparticles deposited in SBA-15

Vanadium silicalite-1 (VS-1) nanoparticles dispersed onto the mesoporous walls of SBA-15 silica have characteristics different from those of the full-grown VS-1. In particular, the vanadium-binding site differs extensively. Here, we monitor the local environment of VO(2+) with different electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques to obtain information about the heterogeneity of the vanadyl sites, the effect of a calcination/reduction cycle, and the subsequent adsorption of (13)CO(2) and NH(3) to the vanadyl sites for both full-grown VS-1 and VS1-SBA15. Furthermore, two-cycle CO(2) and NH(3) adsorption experiments were performed. While the latter showed no chemisorption of CO(2) at 373 K for both materials, clear evidence was found for ligation of CO(2) to vanadyl in full-grown VS-1 by the detection of a strong (13)C hyperfine value. This strong binding was not detected for the vanadyl centers in VS1-SBA15. Chemisorption of NH(3) was detected for all samples both by two-cycle adsorption experiments and by EPR

Rapport de conjoncture CNRS 2014 Section 14 « Chimie de coordination, catalyse, interface et procédés »

National audienc

Campaign resources and electoral success: Evidence from the 2002 French parliamentary elections

We examine the factors that improve the candidates’ likelihood of winning an election by drawing on information from campaign resources used by candidates running in the 2002 French parliamentary election. The main effects that we wish to analyze are the candidates’ gender, political affiliation and possible incumbency. We find that the contributions the candidates received and their political affiliations determine their acceding to the second round of the elections. But surprisingly once they make it to the second round, the contributions cease to be relevant; only the candidates’ gender, incumbency and the actual spending rather than the contribution levels matter. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2007Campaign resources, Elections, Donations, France,