Valoración del paisaje aplicada a la ingeniería de taludes

the need to create a method that eliminates the subjectivity at the moment of valuing a landscape, is one of environmental topics which is more important in the last years. Environmentalists and engineers have been invested a lot of time on this matter .the purpose that is chased is to extend the traditional concept of creating sure and economic slopes to doing them more integrated in the environment. this technology can help to mitigate Landscape impact, doing the least harmful works at sight and realizing projects of exploitation with integrated Closings to the environment. It makes a comparative between a direct method of landscape valuation and an indirect method based on the evaluations of a series of parameters (physiography, artificial elements, water, vegetation, etc.).La necesidad de crear un método que elimine la subjetividad a la hora de valorar un paisaje, es uno de los temas medioambientales en el que en estos últimos años, se ha invertido más tiempo por parte de ambientalistas e ingenieros. Lo que se pretende es extender el concepto tradicional de crear taludes seguros y económicos, a hacer taludes que se integren más en su entorno. Esta técnica puede contribuir a mitigar el impacto paisajístico, haciendo las obras menos nocivas a la vista y a realizar proyectos de explotación con cierres integrados en el entorno. Se hace una comparativa entre un método directo de valoración paisajística y un método indirecto basado en las evaluaciones de una serie de parámetros (fisiografía, elementos artificiales, agua, vegetación, etc.)

Effect of a SO2 Rich Atmosphere on Tempera Paint Mock-Ups. Part 2: Accelerated Aging of Azurite- and Malachite-Based Paints

In order to improve our knowledge of the weathering response of tempera paints exposed to an industrial atmosphere, azurite- and malachite-based paint mock-ups prepared with either rabbit glue or egg yolk binders were artificially aged in an SO2 rich atmosphere. The aim was to identify the different alteration mechanisms and forms of degradation in the paints by observing their physical (color, gloss, reflectance, and roughness), mineralogical, chemical, and micro-textural characteristics. Superficial physical changes were evaluated by stereomicroscopy, spectrophotometry, gloss measurement, hyperspectral imaging, and roughness measurements. Chemical and mineralogical changes were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy with microanalysis (SEM-EDS), which was also used to evaluate the micro-texture of the paints. The differences between the fresh temperas were due mainly to the binder (egg yolk or rabbit glue) used in the paint mixture, which also played a crucial role in the different deterioration patterns in the artificially aged paint mock-ups. Thus, the egg yolk-based paints remained physically quite intact after SO2 exposure, although they suffered more significant chemical degradation, above all in the form of copious precipitation of Cu and Ca-rich sulfate salts and the subsequent yellowing of the egg yolk binder. The SO2 aged rabbit glue-based mock-ups showed microscopically important crack formation and binder loss and fewer sulfated salts precipitated on the surface of the paints.Spanish Research Project AERIMPACT CGL2012-30729Spanish Research Project EXPOAIR P12-FQM-1889European Union (EU)Andalusian Research Group RNM-179Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) IJCI-2017-327

The fresco wall painting techniques in the Mediterranean area from Antiquity to the present: A review

Fresco wall paintings are one of the oldest artforms in our cultural heritage, dating back to the second millennium BC. In this work, we carry out a thorough review on the evolution of the fresco wall painting technique from Antiquity to the present day. Focused on the Mediterranean area, the aim is to gather in-depth information on different technological aspects of this decorative artform such as execution procedure, materials used and pictorial palette. Considering that the recognition of the pictorial technique (a fresco, a secco, or a mezzo fresco) is often difficult since the identification of organic binders can be a challenging issue, the assignment of well-known non-alkaline-resistant pigments to the fresco technique might not always be precise. With this in mind, this review aims to highlight the contradictions found between the bibliographical sources on the fresco technique and recent scientific studies in relation to the preparation of materials, the execution on the wall and the incompatibility of certain pigments with the alkaline environment created by this pictorial technique.Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PID2020-119838RA-I00Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431F 2022/07Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. RYC2020-028902-IUniversidade de Vigo/CISU

Aesthetic effects on granite of adding nanoparticle TiO2 to si-based consolidants (ethyl silicate or nano-sized silica)

Considering that consolidant products are commonly used in the cultural heritage field and the titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2) have been used to develop photocatalyst films to induce self-cleaning property, the scientific research on consolidants doped with TiO2 is justified. However, the addition of TiO2 can affect to the physical properties of the cultural heritage object, questioning the adequacy of the procedure. In this paper, we evaluated the influence of nanoparticle TiO2 addition to two different commercial consolidant products (ethyl silicate or nano-sized silica) on the appearance and the color of a granite and the penetration through its fissure system. The stone was previously subjected to high temperature simulating the effect of a fire and the subsequent tap water jet to cool down. Therefore, different concentrations of nanocrystalline TiO2 (0.5, 1, and 3 wt %) were considered. The different compositions were also studied considering the compactness, the extent and the thickness of the superficial xerogel coating, and as well the penetration of the consolidant. The minimal TiO2 concentration tested (0.5 wt %) implied a low-medium risk of incompatibility as an intervention in cultural heritage field, because its low-medium potential as inducer of visible color changes of the granite surface. Regardless of the TiO2 content, the nano-sized silica induced surface xerogel coatings more compact and continue than those formed in the ethyl silicate coated surfaces. Higher penetration rates were identified in the granite treated with nano-sized silica colloidal solution, while ethyl silicate was only found in the first few µm. It was found that penetration could depend on the application procedure, the solvent of the consolidant and the silica particle size. The TiO2 addition reduced the penetration of the nano-sized silica consolidant.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. IJCI-2017-3277

The influence of using wet cellulose poultice on nanolime consolidation treatments applied on a limestone

Acknowledgments J.S. Pozo-Antonio was supported by the Ministry of Science and Innovation, Government of Spain through grant number RYC2020- 028902-I. J. Otero’s current research is funded by the European Commission on the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA-IF) from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 on research and innovation, grant agreement N. 893762 (NANOMORT). Funding for open access charge was provided by Universidade de Vigo/CISUG.Consolidation treatment with nanolime is a common conservation intervention which needs more research to enhance penetration and mechanical properties while also minimizing the undesired white veil on the surface which significantly alters the surface appearance. In this light, the application of a cellulose poultice soaked in distilled water over the treated surface with nanolime tries to prevent the formation of white hazes and to favour nanolime carbonation and penetration in the pore structure. However, the real influence of this practice on the consolidation effectiveness has never been studied yet and is not yet well understood. In order to provide more insights about its most suitable application method, in this study, we investigated the effectiveness of a wet cellulose poultice for two different nanolime consolidation treatments on a weathered limestone. Nanolime has been synthetized by anion exchange processes and dispersed in two mediums: i) water and ii) 50% v/v of water and alcohol. The influence of the poultice on the penetration and aesthetic properties has been studied by drilling resistance measurement, ultrasounds test, stereomicroscopy, measurements of roughness and static contact angle, spectrophotometry and scanning electron microscopy (superficial and cross sectioned samples). Additionally, consolidation effectiveness has been evaluated through the changes in apparent density, open porosity, porosity network in the outer 5 mm of the surface by mercury intrusion porosimetry and surface cohesion by the peeling test. Results show that, contrary to what is usually assumed, samples where a wet cellulose poultice was applied after the consolidant reached the lowest penetration levels and retained lower dry matter in comparison to their counterparts without poultice. A consolidation treatment with nanolime is more complex that it is generally considered, and the application of poultices is not always enhancing consolidation level; the most suitable application procedure must be chosen with regards to the nanolime and substrate specific characteristics.Ministry of Science and Innovation, Government of Spain through grant number RYC2020- 028902-I.European Commission on the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA-IF) from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 on research and innovation, grant agreement N. 893762 (NANOMORT)Funding for open access charge was provided by Universidade de Vigo/CISU

Application of a Nd:YAG Laser to Remove Graffiti From Lioz Limestone: Influence of Laser Parameters (Wavelength, Fluence and Number of Pulses) and Graffiti Composition

[Resumen] En los últimos años la ablación láser como herramienta de limpieza de roca del patrimonio ha experimentado grandes avances debido a la falta de contacto mecánico entre el cabeza y la roca, a la ausencia de residuos, a su gradualidad y a su selectividad. Una vez seleccionado un equipo láser, los parámetros decisivos para la obtención de una limpieza satisfactoria son la longitud de onda, la fluencia y el número de pulsos. En este trabajo se evalúo la influencia de dichos parámetros en la extracción de pinturas grafiti con diferente composición sobre la roca caliza portuguesa Lioz utilizando un láser de nanosegundos Nd:YAG. Las superficies sin pintar y las pintadas se trataron con diferentes longitudes de onda (infrarroja a 1064nm o ultravioleta a 355nm), fluencias y número de pulsos. Inicialmente, se determinó el límite de daño de la roca y seguidamente las condiciones más adecuadas en la extracción de un grafiti azul alquídico y un plateado polietilénico. Las superficies resultantes se evaluaron con estereomicroscopía, espectrofotometría, medida de rugosidad y microscopía electrónica de barrido. Como resultado general, no se identificaron grandes diferencias en los resultados obtenidos por ambas longitudes de onda, siendo el factor más influyente en la eficacia la composición de las pinturas. La pintura plateada resultó la más difícil de extraer ya que tras la aplicación del láser y la correspondiente extracción de las láminas de aluminio que se usan como pigmento en esta pintura, se encontró una capa translúcida rica en carbono. A pesar de que los umbrales de daño se establecieron en 0.4 y 0.8 J.cm-2 para 355 y 1064 nm respectivamente, las fluencias que permitieron mejores resultados en términos de extracción de grafiti fueron superiores a estos umbrales y diferentes en función de la composición de la pintura: i) para la pintura azul, la radiación ultravioleta (a 355 nm) consiguió una limpieza satisfactoria con 0.5 J.cm-2 y 10 pulsos y la radiación infrarroja (a 1064 nm) la consiguió con 1.3 J.cm-2 y 25 pulsos, y ii) para la pintura plateada, a pesar de que no se consiguió la extracción total de la capa traslúcida rica en C, se identificaron los mejores niveles de eficacia con 0.5 J.cm-2 y 5 pulsos para 355 nm y 0.9 J.cm-2 y 5 pulsos para 1064 nm. Por lo tanto, la eficacia se vio influida por la interacción roca y grafiti.[Abstract] Recently laser ablation as a tool for cleaning heritage stones has experienced important improvements due to the mechanical contactless, the absence of residues, its gradualness and its selectivity. Once a laser equipment has been selected, optimization of the laser parameters (i.e. wavelength, fluence and number of pulses) has to be carried out. In this work, the influence of these parameters on the extraction of two compositionally different graffiti paints from the Portuguese limestone Lioz using a nanosecond Nd: YAG laser was evaluated. Unpainted and painted surfaces were treated with different wavelengths (infrared at 1064nm or ultraviolet at 355nm), fluences and number of pulses. Initially, the damage threshold was identified, and then, the most suitable conditions for the extraction of an alkyd blue graffiti and a polyethylene silver paint were detected. The resulting surfaces were evaluated by means of stereomicroscopy, spectrophotometry, roughness measurement and scanning electron microscopy. As a general result, after the optimization of the removal, differences were not identified for the results obtained by both wavelengths. However, the most influential factor in the efficacy was the graffiti paint composition. The silver paint was the most difficult graffiti to clean since after the laser application with the subsequent extraction of the aluminum sheets (inorganic pigment in this paint), a C-rich translucent layer was found on the surface. Although damage thresholds were established at 0.4 and 0.8 J.cm-2 for 355 and 1064 nm respectively, the fluences that allowed better results in terms of graffiti extraction were higher than these thresholds. The optimal fluences were different depending on the composition of paint: i) for blue paint, ultraviolet radiation (at 355 nm) achieved a satisfactory cleaning with 0.5 J.cm-2 and 10 pulses and infrared radiation (at 1064 nm) achieved it with 1.3 J.cm-2 and 25 pulses, and ii) for the silver paint, although the total extraction of the C-rich translucent layer was not achieved, the best efficiency levels were identified with 0.5 J.cm-2 and 5 pulses for 355 nm and 0.9 J.cm-2 and 5 pulses for 1064 nm. Therefore, the cleaning efficacy was influenced by the stone-graffiti interaction

The fresco wall painting techniques in the Mediterranean area from Antiquity to the present: A review

Fresco wall paintings are one of the oldest artforms in our cultural heritage, dating back to the second millennium BC. In this work, we carry out a thorough review on the evolution of the fresco wall painting technique from Antiquity to the present day. Focused on the Mediterranean area, the aim is to gather in-depth information on different technological aspects of this decorative artform such as execution pro- cedure, materials used and pictorial palette. Considering that the recognition of the pictorial technique ( a fresco, a secco, or a mezzo fresco ) is often difficult since the identification of organic binders can be a challenging issue, the assignment of well-known non-alkaline-resistant pigments to the fresco technique might not always be precise. With this in mind, this review aims to highlight the contradictions found between the bibliographical sources on the fresco technique and recent scientific studies in relation to the preparation of materials, the execution on the wall and the incompatibility of certain pigments with the alkaline environment created by this pictorial technique.Research Projects PID2020-119838RA- I00 and ED431F 2022/07Xunta de Galicia project Limpeza sostible do patrimonio pictorico: optimizacion dos procesos de ablacion laser ( ED431F 2022/07 )Spanish Science and Innovation Ministry project RYC2020-028902-ISpanish Science and Innovation Ministry project RYC2020-028902-IState Research Agency (SRA)Ministry of Science and Innovation under the Research Project PID2020-119838RA-I00Junta de Andalucía Research Group RNM179Funding for open access charge: Universidade de Vigo/CISU

Co-word analysis and academic performance from the Australasian Journal of Educational Technology in Web of Science

This study has been funded by the I+D+i project: Active methodologies for learning through technological resources for the development of society; code: CNT 4315.Since its inception in 1985, the Australasian Journal of Educational Technology (AJET) has been dedicated to the diffusion of studies on the integration of technology in higher education. Its track record in this field has placed it in the first quartile of the Scimago Journal & Country Rank. The objective of the study was to reveal to the scientific community the journey and evolution that this journal has had throughout its existence in Web of Science. A bibliometric methodology was used, supported by a scientific mapping from a unit of analysis of 798 documents. For this reason, a co-word analysis can be a fundamental tool for understanding the characteristics of their production and their impact on the scientific community. There is an evident progressive evolution of the studies published in the Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, with a first phase focused on the design and implementation of educational technology in learning environments, a second phase focused on the enrichment of technology and its acceptance within the processes of teaching and learning, and finally a stage focused on student and teacher perceptions of the implementation of technology in the educational context.I+D+i project: Active methodologies for learning through technological resources for the development of society CNT 431

Attitudes Towards the Development of Good Practices with Augmented Reality in Secondary Education Teachers in Spain

The attitude of the teaching staff is positioned as a fundamental aspect for the development of good training practices. These good practices are essential when applied within an innovative techno-pedagogical methodology: augmented reality in education. The objectives of this study are to analyze the development of good teaching practices with augmented reality and to discover the factors that influence their quality. A descriptive and correlational design has been carried out. A total of 1490 Spanish Secondary Education teachers have participated. The instrument used was the adaptation to the Spanish context of the questionnaire of the Attitude Scale of Augmented Reality Applications. The results reveal that teachers show a positive attitude towards the use of augmented reality. As for the aspects that influence the good attitude of teachers are age, the number of devices teachers use, the time they dedicate to technological resources and teaching experience. However, ICT training is what determines a direct influence on the attitude of teachers, as well as satisfaction with reliabilityUniversity of Granada/CBUAI + D + i Project OTRI-University of Granada with financing code number 4995EducaTech XXI Research Group (SEG-666) of the University of Granad

Design and validation of a questionnaire for the evaluation of educational experiences in the metaverse in Spanish students (METAEDU)

The aim of this study is to design and validate an instrument that allows the evaluation of educational experiences and formative assessment in the metaverse from a holistic perspective. Hence, a research design based on the development of a scale has been used. Three hundred and sixty-two Spanish secondary school students participated in the study, selected through purposive sampling. The instrument created has been subjected to an analysis of content validity, validity by expert judgment, construct validity, and reliability. For data analysis, the SPSS and AMOS programs have been used. An exploratory factor analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis have been performed to determine the construct validity. In addition, the Cronbach's alpha has been calculated to verify the internal consistency of the tool. The results reveal several findings that position the resulting questionnaire as a valid and reliable instrument to evaluate educational experiences and practices in the metaverse. In short, this study has led to the development of a comprehensive evaluation tool at the service of educators or any institution interested in implementing its educational praxis within the metaverse, a field of research that has yet to be explored.GOAL! Teaching Methodology for the Transformation of Learning in the METAVERSE 2211