4,877 research outputs found
Incompleteness of graph neural networks for points clouds in three dimensions
Graph neural networks (GNN) are very popular methods in machine learning and
have been applied very successfully to the prediction of the properties of
molecules and materials. First-order GNNs are well known to be incomplete,
i.e., there exist graphs that are distinct but appear identical when seen
through the lens of the GNN. More complicated schemes have thus been designed
to increase their resolving power. Applications to molecules (and more
generally, point clouds), however, add a geometric dimension to the problem.
The most straightforward and prevalent approach to construct graph
representation for molecules regards atoms as vertices in a graph and draws a
bond between each pair of atoms within a chosen cutoff. Bonds can be decorated
with the distance between atoms, and the resulting "distance graph NNs" (dGNN)
have empirically demonstrated excellent resolving power and are widely used in
chemical ML, with all known indistinguishable configurations being resolved in
the fully-connected limit, which is equivalent to infinite or sufficiently
large cutoff. Here we present a counterexample that proves that dGNNs are not
complete even for the restricted case of fully-connected graphs induced by 3D
atom clouds. We construct pairs of distinct point clouds whose associated
graphs are, for any cutoff radius, equivalent based on a first-order
Weisfeiler-Lehman test. This class of degenerate structures includes
chemically-plausible configurations, both for isolated structures and for
infinite structures that are periodic in 1, 2, and 3 dimensions. The existence
of indistinguishable configurations sets an ultimate limit to the expressive
power of some of the well-established GNN architectures for atomistic machine
learning. Models that explicitly use angular or directional information in the
description of atomic environments can resolve this class of degeneracies
Inverse Compton scattering in mildly relativistic plasma
We investigated the effect of inverse Compton scattering in mildly
relativistic static and moving plasmas with low optical depth using Monte Carlo
simulations, and calculated the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect in the cosmic
background radiation. Our semi-analytic method is based on a separation of
photon diffusion in frequency and real space. We use Monte Carlo simulation to
derive the intensity and frequency of the scattered photons for a monochromatic
incoming radiation. The outgoing spectrum is determined by integrating over the
spectrum of the incoming radiation using the intensity to determine the correct
weight. This method makes it possible to study the emerging radiation as a
function of frequency and direction. As a first application we have studied the
effects of finite optical depth and gas infall on the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect
(not possible with the extended Kompaneets equation) and discuss the parameter
range in which the Boltzmann equation and its expansions can be used. For high
temperature clusters ( keV) relativistic corrections based
on a fifth order expansion of the extended Kompaneets equation seriously
underestimate the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect at high frequencies. The
contribution from plasma infall is less important for reasonable velocities. We
give a convenient analytical expression for the dependence of the cross-over
frequency on temperature, optical depth, and gas infall speed. Optical depth
effects are often more important than relativistic corrections, and should be
taken into account for high-precision work, but are smaller than the typical
kinematic effect from cluster radial velocities.Comment: LateX, 30 pages and 11 figures. Accepted for publication in the
Astrophysical Journa
X-ray Spectral Signatures of the Photon Bubble Model for Ultraluminous X-ray Sources
The nature of ultraluminous X-ray sources in nearby galaxies is one of the
major open questions in modern X-ray astrophysics. One possible explanation for
these objects is an inhomogeneous, radiation dominated accretion disk around a
black hole -- the so-called ``photon bubble'' model. While
previous studies of this model have focused primarily on its
radiation-hydrodynamics aspects, in this paper, we provide an analysis of its
X-ray spectral (continuum and possible edge and line) characteristics. Compton
reflection between high and low density regions in the disk may provide the key
to distinguishing this model from others, such as accretion onto an
intermediate mass black hole. We couple a Monte Carlo/Fokker-Planck radiation
transport code with the XSTAR code for reflection to simulate the photon
spectra produced in a photon bubble model for ULXs. We find that reflection
components tend to be very weak and in most cases not observable, and make
predictions for the shape of the high-energy Comptonizing spectra. In many
cases the Comptonization dominates the spectra even down to a few keV.
In one simulation, a \sim 9 \kev feature was found, which may be considered a
signature of photon bubbles in ULXs; furthermore, we make predictions of high
energy power-laws which may be observed by future instruments.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journa
Evolution of the Low-Energy Photon Spectra in Gamma-Ray Bursts
We report evidence that the asymptotic low-energy power law slope alpha
(below the spectral break) of BATSE gamma-ray burst photon spectra evolves with
time rather than remaining constant. We find a high degree of positive
correlation exists between the time-resolved spectral break energy E_pk and
alpha. In samples of 18 "hard-to-soft" and 12 "tracking" pulses, evolution of
alpha was found to correlate with that of the spectral break energy E_pk at the
99.7% and 98% confidence levels respectively. We also find that in the flux
rise phase of "hard-to-soft" pulses, the mean value of alpha is often positive
and in some bursts the maximum value of alpha is consistent with a value > +1.
BATSE burst 3B 910927, for example, has a alpha_max equal to 1.6 +/- 0.3. These
findings challenge GRB spectral models in which alpha must be negative of
remain constant.Comment: 12 pages (including 6 figures), accepted to Ap
Monte-Carlo simulations of thermal/nonthermal radiation from a neutron-star magnetospheric accretion shell
We discuss the space-and-time-dependent Monte Carlo code we have developed to
simulate the relativistic radiation output from compact astrophysical objects,
coupled to a Fokker-Planck code to determine the self-consistent lepton
populations. We have applied this code to model the emission from a magnetized
neutron star accretion shell near the Alfven radius, reprocessing the radiation
from the neutron sar surface. We explore the parameter space defined by the
accretion rate, stellar surface field and the level of wave turbulence in the
shell. Our results are relevant to the emission from atoll sources, soft-X-ray
transient X-ray binaries containing weakly magnetized neutron stars, and to
recently suggested models of accretion-powered emission from anomalous X-ray
pulsars.Comment: 24 pages, including 7 figures; uses epsf.sty. final version, accepted
for publication in ApJ. Extended introduction and discussio
FEATURES OF THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF POLYMORPHIC VARIANTS OF ENOS AND AGTR2 GENES IN PATIENTS WITH CAD
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major cause of mortality. Morphological substrate of CHD in most cases is atherosclerosis, which is based on structural genes polymorphism eNOS and AGTR2. The aim of the study was to study the prevalence of eNOS and AGTR2 genes in patients with coronary artery disease and the association of these genes with coronary heart disease. The study involved 187 patients aged 36 to 86 years (62,2±11,2) with different forms of CHD: stable and unstable angina, myocardial infarction and 45 people without CHD. Determination of gene polymorphisms was performed by real-time PCR analyzer of nucleic acids IQ 5 Bio-Rad. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 10.0. The study revealed a significant difference between the incidence of homozygous AA allelic variant gene AGTR2 group of patients with myocardial infarction and the comparison group; polymorphic variant AA AGTR2 gene is associated with earlier onset of coronary artery disease; It found that carriers of the polymorphic variant gene GA AGTR2 beginning statistically CHD occurred significantly later than in carriers of alleles GG and AA; age CHD debut TT allele carriers of the eNOS gene is associated with an earlier onset of the disease and statistically significantly different from the age of first CHD in carriers of alleles of polymorphic variants of GG and GT; revealed a positive correlation between the polymorphic allele AGTR2 gene with the presence of arterial hypertension in patients with coronary artery disease; It determined that the T allele carriers of the polymorphic gene eNOS is associated more early onset of hypertension, found the association of the polymorphic allele gene AGTR2 the need to use higher doses of ACE inhibitor — perindopril
Orbital Comptonization in accretion disks around black holes
We have performed Monte Carlo simulations of Compton upscattering of
low-energy photons in an accretion disk around a Schwarzschild black hole. The
photons gain energy from the rotational motion of the electrons in the disk.
The upscattering occurs near the black hole horizon, where the flow velocity of
the electrons approaches the speed of light. We show that this type of
bulk-flow Comptonization can produce power-law X-ray spectra similar to the
ones observed in black-hole X-ray transients in the high/soft state, i.e., a
soft bump dominating the spectrum below ~ 10 keV and a power-law tail with
photon index in the range 2-3. In order to reproduce the observed hard to soft
flux ratio the disk has to have vertical optical depth above ~ 3 at the last
stable orbit. We conclude that the power-law component of the high/soft state
of black-hole transients may be due to an intrinsically cool disk extending all
the way to the hole, without a separate hot plasma component.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figure
Chandra Observations of Type Ia Supernovae: Upper Limits to the X-ray Flux of SN 2002bo, SN 2002ic, SN 2005gj, and SN 2005ke
We set sensitive upper limits to the X-ray emission of four Type Ia
supernovae (SNe Ia) using the Chandra X-ray Observatory. SN 2002bo, a normal,
although reddened, nearby SN Ia, was observed 9.3 days after explosion. For an
absorbed, high temperature bremsstrahlung model the flux limits are 3.2E-16
ergs/cm^2/s (0.5-2 keV band) and 4.1E-15 ergs/cm^2/s (2-10 keV band). Using
conservative model assumptions and a 10 km/s wind speed, we derive a mass loss
rate of \dot{M} ~ 2E-5 M_\odot/yr, which is comparable to limits set by the
non-detection of Halpha lines from other SNe Ia. Two other objects, SN 2002ic
and SN 2005gj, observed 260 and 80 days after explosion, respectively, are the
only SNe Ia showing evidence for circumstellar interaction. The SN 2002ic X-ray
flux upper limits are ~4 times below predictions of the interaction model
currently favored to explain the bright optical emission. To resolve this
discrepancy we invoke the mixing of cool dense ejecta fragments into the
forward shock region, which produces increased X-ray absorption. A modest
amount of mixing allows us to accommodate the Chandra upper limit. SN 2005gj is
less well studied at this time. Assuming the same circumstellar environment as
for SN 2002i, the X-ray flux upper limits for SN 2005gj are ~4 times below the
predictions, suggesting that mixing of cool ejecta into the forward shock has
also occurred here. Our reanalysis of Swift and Chandra data on SN 2005ke does
not confirm a previously reported X-ray detection. The host galaxies NGC 3190
(SN 2002bo) and NGC 1371 (SN 2005ke) each harbor a low luminosity (L_X ~ 3-4E40
ergs/s) active nucleus in addition to wide-spread diffuse soft X-ray emission.Comment: 16 pages, to appear in ApJ (20 Nov 2007
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