Aggregation of stochastic models

Dstl examines battle simulations based on stochastic evolution codes. One such code, known as SIMBAT (SIMple BATtle program) models the evolution of the battle as a sequence of turns in which the two sets of combating units move in a landscape. The units have objectives and act accordingly, they can acquire enemy units if lines-of-sight in the landscape permit this, and they can fire upon and disable enemy units with a certain probability. Based on the setting of a large number of parameters, and also on the outcome of pseudo-random decisions and engagements made in the course of the action, a final outcome of the battle is achieved. Figure 1 shows a SIMBAT screenshot. Figure 1: Screenshot from a SIMBAT battle. The setting is that of a ‘standard’ battle (see full report). The problem posed to the Study Group is the following: Is it possible to analyse and subsequently calculate a battle in terms of smaller subunits which can then be aggregated into the whole in a systematic fashion? This could potentially speed up the processing of a large number of simulations

Constitutionalizing Connectivity: The Constitutional Grid of World Society

Global law settings are characterized by a structural pre-eminence of connectivity norms, a type of norm which differs from coherency or possibility norms. The centrality of connectivity norms emerges from the function of global law, which is to increase the probability of transfers of condensed social components, such as economic capital and products, religious doctrines, and scientific knowledge, from one legally structured context to another within world society. This was the case from colonialism and colonial law to contemporary global supply chains and human rights. Both colonial law and human rights can be understood as serving a constitutionalizing function aimed at stabiliz- ing and facilitating connectivity. This allows for an understanding of colonialism and contemporary global governance as functional, but not as normative, equivalents

The Transnational Constitution of Europe’s Social Market Economies: A Question of Constitutional Imbalances?

Throughout its history the European integration process has not undermined but rather strengthened the autonomy of Member States vis-à-vis wider societal interests in relation to political economy, labour markets and social provisions. Both the ‘golden age nation state’ of the 1960s as well as the considerable transformations of Member State political economies over the past decades, and especially after the euro-crisis, was to a considerable degree orchestrated through transnational, most notably European, arrangements. In both cases the primary objective has been to strengthened state capacities of public power and law against the encroachment of private interests into the state. In spite of this continuity considerable changes can however be observed in the substantial economic policies advanced due to the switch from a Keynesian to a monetarist economic paradigm. It is suggested that the debate on constitutional imbalances between the EU’s economic and social constitutions should be seen in this light

Law and Order in the Economy: The End of a Paradigm and the Rebirth of an Old One

It started and ended in Chile! This might be the introductory sentence to an economic history of our times. After the 1973 military coup the “Chicago Boys”, a group of Chilean economists educated by Milton Friedman at University of Chicago, took control of Pinochet’s economic policy. A type of policy which later on entered government offices in the UK and the US together with Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan. Today protesters on the streets of Santiago seeks to tear down the core pillars of the paradigm installed by the Chicago boys. Looking at broader developments, the essential driver of change over the past four decades have however not been an economic one but rather a legal one. Or rather the essential change has been the economics discipline acting as an invasive species entering into the realm of law though the law and economics paradigm

Justification Of Conditioning Volitional Development Of Children\u27s Mastering Their Language Skills And Functions

The article analyzes the scientific approaches of domestic scientists to understanding the problem of will and the interrelated aspects of its development in ontogenesis. When studying ways of forming volitional behavior at its first stages, special attention is drawn to the fact that the child\u27s volitional behavior arises with the emergence of the skills to build speech utterances, with which he begins to plan his activities and regulate the process of its implementation, that is, the mastering of planning and regulating functions of speech takes place. By analyzing the ways of forming language skills in preschool and early school age, structures for creation a speech utterance, the author clarified the term "expression speech" (stages of its construction) and language skills, provided for the implementation of each stage of verbal expression. Also it is justified the condition of volitional development of children mastering their language skills and functions; relationship stages of planning and regulatory functions of broadcasting in preschool and early school age. The paper presents the author\u27s functional-structural model of the optimization process of development of the planning and regulatory functions in the formation of children\u27s speech in their language skills