Fungicide sensitivity of selected Verticillium fungicola isolates from Agaricus bisporus farms

Five isolates of Verticillium fungicola, isolated from diseased fruiting bodies of Agaricus bisporus collected from mushroom farms in Serbia during 2002-2003, were studied. By observing their colony morphology under different growth conditions and their pathogenic characteristics, the isolates were identified as V. fungicola var. fungicola. The peat/lime casing was the primary source of infection. Testing of sensitivity to selected fungicides showed that all isolates were highly resistant to benomyl (EC50 values were higher than 200.00 mg/l), moderately sensitive to iprodione (EC50 values were between 11.93 and 22.80 mg/l), and highly sensitive to prochloraz-Mn (EC50 values were less than 3.00 mg/l)

Races and hosts of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in Serbia

During the past few years, frequent appearance of bacterial speck of tomatoes was recorded in several tomato-growing regions in Serbia. A three-year survey of tomato fields in Serbia (2002-2004) resulted in the isolation of numerous bacterial strains, with 30 representative strains selected for further analyses. Based on the results of pathogenicity, biochemical, and physiological tests, all strains isolated from diseased tomato plants were identified as P. syringae pv. tomato. The identity of strains was confirmed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), since PCR products of expected size (650 bp) specific for coronatine-producing strains of P. syringae pv. tomato were amplified from all tested strains. Study of the host range of P. syringae pv. tomato strains originating from Serbia confirmed tomato as the sole host. The reaction of tomato differential cultivar Ontario 7710 showed that the Serbian strains belonged to races 0 and 1 of P. syringae pv. tomato

Antifungalna aktivnost etarskih ulja cimeta i karanfilića prema patogenima šampinjona - Cladobotryum dendroides (Bull.) W. Gams & Hooz i Lecanicillium fungicola var. fungicola (Preuss) Hasebrauk

Antifungal activity of two essential oils, cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & Perry), was evaluated against Cladobotryum dendroides (Bull.) W. Gams & Hooz, and Lecanicillium fungicola var. fungicola (Preuss) Hasebrauk, the causal agents of cobweb and dry bubble disease of cultivated mushroom. Inhibitory and fungicidal activity of the selected essential oils was assayed using three methods: microdilution, macrodilution fumigant and macrodilution contact method. Comparing all three methods, clove essential oil showed stronger activity than cinnamon against both fungi, having minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at the lowest concentrations tested (1.56, 0.02 and 0.1 µl ml-1, respectively). However, cinnamon oil was more toxic to L. fungicola var. fungicola then to C. dendroides in all three methods. Both oils exhibited stronger antifungal effects when used in the macrodilution fumigant than in contact method. The results showed that both cinnamon and clove essential oils have the potential for further in vivo experiments against L. fungicola var. fungicola and C. dendroides and indicated a possible use of these oils in integrated disease management in mushrooms.Ispitana je antifungalna aktivnost etarskih ulja cimeta i karanfilića prema Cladobotryum dendroides (Bull.) W. Gams & Hooz, i Lecanicillium fungicola var. fungicola (Preuss) Hasebrauk, prouzrokovačima paučinaste plesni i suve truleži šampinjona. Antifungalna aktivnost odabranih etarskih ulja testirana je primenom tri različite metode: mikrodilucione, makrodilucione fumigantne i makrodilucione kontaktne metode. Etarsko ulje karanfilića je ispoljilo jači efekat od ulja cimeta na obe gljive primenom sve tri metode, sa minimalnim inhibitornim koncentrecijama pri najnižim testiranim koncentracijama (1,56, 0,02 i 0,1 µl ml-1). Ulje cimeta je pokazalo veću toksičnost prema L. fungicola var. fungicola nego prema C. dendroides. Ispitivana etarska ulja ispoljila su jače antifungalno dejstvo primenjena fumigantno nego kontaktno u makrodilucionoj metodi. Antifungalno delovanje etarskih ulja cimeta i karanfilića in vitro, ukazuje na potencijal za dalja ispitivanja njihove efikasnosti in vivo, kao i mogućnosti uključivanja ovih etarskih ulja u integralnu zaštitu jestivih gljiva od bolesti prouzrokovanih mikopatogenim gljivama L. fungicola var. fungicola i C. dendroides

Synthesis and characterization of Na0.4MnO2 as cathode material for aqueous sodium-ion batteries

The application of rechargeable batteries is growing significantly and there is a need for developing cheaper batteries with good performances. Sodium-ion batteries could be a viable option due to higher abundance of sodium against lithium mineral resources, its low price and similar principles intercalate Na+ ions as Li+ ions in lithium-ion batteries. Different materials as manganese oxides and vanadium oxide are used as electrode materials in sodium batteries. Na0.44MnO2 was regarded as one of the most promising cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries due to its high specific capacity and good cyclability. In this work, Na0.4MnO2 was synthesized using glycine-nitrate method (GNM). The structure of synthesized powder was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), while the particles morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The elemental mapping was performed by energy-dispersive Xray spectroscopy (EDS). XRD results showed that the phase structure of Na0.4MnO2 was orthorhombic with tunnel structure. TEM and SEM micrographs of obtained powder material showed uniformed rod-like shape particles with the average lengths and widths of 300 nm and 80 nm, respectively and EDS analysis confirmed that the sample contains Na, Mn, and O in an appropriate ration. The electrochemical behavior of Na0.4MnO2 was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in a saturated aqueous solution of NaNO3 at scan rates from 20 to 400 mV•s-1. The initial discharge capacity of Na0.4MnO2 in NaNO3 solution was 50 mA•h•g- 1, while after 15 cycles its value increased for 9%. while the efficiency (the ratio of the capacity charge and discharge) was amounting to ~ 95%. This indicates that material synthesized by GNM can be used as cathode material in aqueous sodium-ion batterie

Synthesis temperature influence on the structure, morphology and electrochemical performance of NaxMnO2 as cathode materials for sodium-ion rechearchable batteries

The lithium-ion batteries are the most commonly used for energy storage in portable devices. Since lithium is relatively rare on earth but rapidly consumed, it is necessary to find an adequate replacement. Owing to the similar chemical properties of sodium and lithium, but much higher availability, sodium ion batteries are one of the best candidates to replace lithium-ion batteries. A variety of materials such as manganese oxide, vanadium oxide or phosphate can be used as an electrode material (anode and cathode) in sodium ion batteries due to the high ability of intercalation of sodium. In this work, NaxMnO2 powder was synthesized by glycine nitrate method. The precursor powder was annealed for four hours at different temperatures: 800, 850, 900 and 950 °C. The characterization of the obtained materials was carried out using following methods: X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron spectroscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and transmission electron spectroscopy with energy dispersive Xray spectroscopy (TEM/EDS). Electrochemical properties were studied using cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry in an aqueous solution of NaNO3. The layer structured Na0.7MnO2.05 with sheet-like morphology and Na0.4MnO2 with 3-D tunnel structure and rod-like morphology was obtained at 800 oC and 900 oC respectively. Na0.44MnO2 with rod-like morphology was annealed at 900 and 950 oC. 3D-tunnel structure Na0.44MnO2 obtained at 900 oC showed the best electrochemical behaviour in aqueous NaNO3 solution

Analiza korištenja preventivne aktivnosti kao odgovora na nadolazeću krizu u javnom sektoru

Krizno komuniciranje jedno je od najizazovnijih i najsloženijih područja praktične primjene odnosa s javnošću. Javni sektor se, zbog tromosti sustava, vrlo često spominje i u kontekstu neučinkovite komunikacije, a to uključuje i reaktivan pristup kriznoj komunikaciji. U suprotnosti s ponuđenim stereotipom, ovaj rad proučava studiju slučaja krizne komunikacije u kojemu je čelnik javne institucije primijenio strategiju preventivnog protuodgovora i svojim proaktivnim istupom uzrokovao kriznu situaciju u javnoj instituciji koju je vodio te negativan publicitet. S ciljem ispitivanja ispravnosti ovog pristupa, ujedno i prvog takvog slučaja u komunikaciji hrvatskih javnih institucija, analizirane su naslovnice triju najčitanijih dnevnih listova u Hrvatskoj – 24sata, Večernjeg lista i Jutarnjeg lista – njihova online izdanja te još deset najčitanijih news portala u razdoblju od 24. rujna do 18. listopada, odnosno od sazivanja izvanredne konferencije za medije i početka krize do razrješenja Dubravka Ponoša s funkcije direktora Fonda za zaštitu okoliša i energetsku učinkovitost

Synthesis and Characterization of Na0.4MnO2 as a Positive Electrode Material for an Aqueous Electrolyte Sodium-ion Energy Storage Device

Due to the increasing use of batteries in everyday life and in industry, there is a need for developing cheaper batteries than the widely used lithium ion batteries. Lower price and higher abundance of sodium compared to lithium mineral resources intensified the development of Na-ion batteries. Aqueous lithium/ sodium rechargeable batteries have attracted considerable attention for energy storage because they do not contain flammable organic electrolytes as commercial batteries do, the ionic conductivity of the aqueous electrolyte is about two orders of magnitude higher than in non-aqueous electrolyte and the electrolyte salt and solvent are cheaper. Various materials such as manganese oxides, vanadium oxide and phosphates have been used as electrode materials (cathodic and anodic) in sodium batteries due to high sodium intercalation ability in both, organic and aqueous electrolytes. The most frequently used type of manganese oxides are Li–Mn–O or Na–Mn–O systems due to their tunnel or layered crystal structures which facilitate the lithium/sodium intercalation-deintercalation. In this work, a glycine-nitrate method (GNM) was applied for the synthesis of cathode material Na0.4MnO2

Uticaj tretmana micelije ('semena') šampinjona (Agaricus bisporus L.) - bakterijom Bacillus subtilis QST713 na prinos i zaštitu od zelene plesni

A biofungicide based on Bacillus subtilis QST713 was tested for impact on yield and efficacy against a Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum T77 strain from Serbia by coating mushroom grain spawn and comparing the results with the chemical fungicide prochloraz manganese in a mushroom growing room. The tested B. subtilis QST713 strain did not inhibit mycelial growth of Agaricus bisporus in plots free of the pathogen, showing an impact on yield of 91.95%, which was not significantly different from an untreated control. As for the efficacy of the fungicides used against T. aggressivum f. europaeum T77, there were no significant differences between a prochloraz manganese casing treatment, and B. subtilis QST713 coating on mushroom grain spawn, as the efficacy was 70.37 and 53.09%, respectively. These results implied that the biofungicide based on B. subtilis could serve as a harmless alternative to synthetic fungicides in mushroom production, especially during serious compost green muold outbreaks caused by T. aggressivum. Furthermore, the biofungicide should be applied alone because an antagonistic reaction was detected between the fungicide prochloraz and B. subtilis QST713.Biofungicid na bazi Bacillus subtilis QST713 je odabran za testiranje uticaja na prinos i efikasnosti u suzbijanju Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum T77 iz Srbije, kada je primenjeno za tretiranje micelije ('semena') šampinjona u poređenju sa fungicidom prohloraz manganom u oglednom gajilištu. Testirani soj B. subtilis QST713 nije inhibirao rast micelije Agaricus bisporus, u tretmanima bez prisustva patogena, sa uticajem na prinos 91.95% i nije se statistički značajno razlikovao od neinokulisane kontrole. U pogledu efikasnosti fungicida u suzbijanju T. aggressivum f. europaeum T77, nije bilo statistički značajne razlike među tretmanima sa fungicidom prohloraz manganom primenjenim na pokrivku i tretmanom B. subtilis QST713 primejenim na miceliju ('seme') šampinjona, sa odgovorajućim vrednostima 70.37 i 53.09%. Ovi rezultati ukazuju da se biofungicid na bazi B. subtilis može primenjivati kao alternativa sintetičkom fungicidu u proizvodnji šampinjona, posebno kod značajne pojave zelene plesni u kompostu za gajenje šampinjona koju izaziva T. aggressivum. Takođe, preporuka je da se biofungicid primenjuje samostalno jer je uočena antagonistička reakcija između prohloraz mangana i B. subtilis QST713

Efikasnost mandipropamida za suzbijanje prouzrokovača plamenjače krompira u poljskim uslovima

The efficacy of mandipropamid (Revus 250 SC) in controlling Phytophthora infestans in potato was evaluated in field trials. The efficacies of Revus 250 SC in comparison with standard fungicides Quadris (azoxystrobin) were tested in several localities in Serbia (Kasarske Livade, Valjevska Kamenica and Opovo) in 2007 and 2008. Both of the tested fungicides exhibited high efficacy in controlling potato late blight. The differencies in the efficacy of Revus 250 SC (96.3- 99.2%) and Quadris (94.1-95.5%) were insignificant. Our experiments showed that the investigated fungicide was highly effective against P. infestans even under high disease pressure.Ispitivana je efikasnost mandipropamida (Revus 250 SC) za suzbijanje Phytophthora infestans u usevu krompira u poljskim uslovima. Efikasnost preparata Revus 250 SC ispitivana je na nekoliko lokaliteta u Srbiji (Kasarske Livade, Valjevska Kamenica i Opovo) tokom 2007. i 2008. godine. Kao standard poslužio je Quadris (azoksistrobin). Oba ispitivana fungicida su ispoljila visoku efikasnost u suzbijanju prouzrokovača plamenjače krompira. Između efikasnosti Revus 250 SC (96.3- 99.2%) i Quadris (94.1-95.5%) nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika. Naši ogledi su pokazali da je ispitivani fungicid visokoefikasan u suzbijanju P. Infestans, čak i u uslovima jake zaraze